發(fā)布時間：2018-05-19 10:51

  本文選題：公民社會 + 歐洲公民社會組織�。� 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2010年博士論文

【摘要】：2009年《里斯本條約》正式生效以來,歐洲一體化翻開了嶄新的一頁,歐盟進(jìn)入一個新的發(fā)展階段：在50多年來的運作實踐中,歐盟已經(jīng)成長為一個強(qiáng)大的機(jī)構(gòu)角色,獲得了更強(qiáng)的競爭力,布魯塞爾的決策制訂越來越影響并改變著成員國的政治生態(tài)以及普通人的日常生活。在歐盟這樣獨特而復(fù)雜的多元化的背景下,如何做好社會協(xié)調(diào),保證各階層的參與,進(jìn)而保證決策的民主性、科學(xué)性、可執(zhí)行性,實現(xiàn)有效的民主治理,是非常重大的問題。歐盟是如此獨特的一個政治體系,不可能完全復(fù)制民族國家采用的民主體系和制度。歐洲政治一體化進(jìn)程中的挫折,尤其是歐盟憲法條約的失敗讓歐盟機(jī)構(gòu)意識到,要尊重民意,在決策前吸取歐洲公民意見,從制度上保證并強(qiáng)化多元社會角色的參與。從另外一個角度看,在現(xiàn)代社會,公民對政治生活的參與,需要有合理的中介和代表,通過適當(dāng)?shù)慕M織機(jī)構(gòu)來表達(dá)自己的利益訴求,公民社會組織就是公民參政議政的渠道之一。在歐盟多層治理框架下,公民社會組織作為公民多元利益的組織化代表,也得到了歐盟決策機(jī)構(gòu)的重視,成為治理的主體之一,成為歐盟事務(wù)的積極參與者。 在掌握大量國內(nèi)外有關(guān)歐盟歐盟治理和公民社會等方面研究的資料和文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,本文從一個新的角度對歐盟治理的過程進(jìn)行了較為深入的研究,把林肯關(guān)于民主的定義--民有、民治和民享(government of the people, by the people and for the people)--和內(nèi)涵延伸到歐盟治理層面,著重探討歐盟這一特殊政體內(nèi)部如何通過公民及其組織對歐盟決策過程的參與來體現(xiàn)民治意義上的民主治理(governance by the people),以彌補(bǔ)歐盟民主合法性的不足,促進(jìn)歐盟治理的實現(xiàn)。文章結(jié)構(gòu)安排和主要觀點如下： 第一章、公民社會理論和內(nèi)涵的歷史演進(jìn)。公民社會概念在歐洲有著悠久的歷史傳統(tǒng),其久遠(yuǎn)歷史可以追溯至古希臘羅馬時代,其理論內(nèi)涵隨著人類社會和政治體系的發(fā)展而不斷演進(jìn)。 古典理論認(rèn)為公民社會是與野蠻狀態(tài)相對立的文明社會,也是由公民構(gòu)成的政治社會。中世紀(jì)后期,隨著東西方貿(mào)易的發(fā)展,現(xiàn)代意義上的城市在歐洲相繼興起,市民為了保護(hù)自己的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益不受侵害,自愿組織起行業(yè)協(xié)會和同業(yè)公會,這些是廣義上公民社會組織的最初形態(tài)。13-15世紀(jì)在歐洲波羅的海流域形成的漢薩同盟作為具有一些政治功能的商業(yè)貿(mào)易聯(lián)合體,從某種意義上講,是歐洲最早的跨越國界的市民社會組織,其性質(zhì)與本文所討論的歐盟范圍內(nèi)的公民社會組織有共同之處。 而在近代啟蒙思想家如洛克、孟德斯鳩等的理論中,公民社會就是政治社會,與自然狀態(tài)相對立,而此時國家就是擁有了最高權(quán)威的政治社會。以黑格爾和馬克思為代表的現(xiàn)代公民社會理論,把公民社會與政治國家分離開來,此時的公民社會主要是經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系。 而當(dāng)代思想家則把公民社會視為與國家(政治)、市場(經(jīng)濟(jì))分離的的一個社會領(lǐng)域,國際關(guān)系學(xué)者們則把視線轉(zhuǎn)向國際層面的公民社會概念,如對全球公民社會和歐盟層面公民社會的探討等。在歐盟官方文件和多層治理的實踐中,公民社會概念的演變也經(jīng)歷了一個曲折的過程,分為不同的階段,而這個過程則標(biāo)識著公民社會的地位和作用的變化,也是歐盟機(jī)構(gòu)與公民社會關(guān)系不斷發(fā)展的進(jìn)程。 第二章、歐盟多層次治理：公民社會組織參與的歷史與制度背景。歐盟經(jīng)歷治理轉(zhuǎn)型之后,形成了多元性、多層次性的網(wǎng)絡(luò)型治理結(jié)構(gòu)。參與歐盟多層治理的主體,范圍甚廣,其中不僅有歐盟官方機(jī)構(gòu),各成員國層面和次國家層面的政府和行政管理機(jī)構(gòu)、政黨、非政府組織、利益集團(tuán)、媒體以及公共輿論,當(dāng)然也包括了各成員國的公民。因而,這個獨特的治理安排具有極大的開放性和包容性,為公民社會組織的參與提供了良好的機(jī)會結(jié)構(gòu),因而成為公民社會政治參與的制度背景。 歐盟機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)認(rèn)識到了建立一個更連貫一致的框架來改善與公民社會關(guān)系的重要性,以歐盟委員會為首的歐盟機(jī)構(gòu),采取了不同的方式把公民社會組織納入政策制訂過程,而歐盟政策過程為各類社會角色的參與提供了具體路徑和可能性。 第三章、歐洲公民社會組織的發(fā)展歷程與現(xiàn)狀。在歐洲一體化進(jìn)程開始之前,隨著民族國家的發(fā)展程度不同,公民社會團(tuán)體作為民族國家的一部分,帶有明顯的地域性的政治和文化的烙印,這即是公民社會組織沿襲至今的社會嵌入性的根源。 20世紀(jì)中期自歐洲一體化的發(fā)動機(jī)開啟之后,歐洲層面的公民社會組織開始出現(xiàn)并隨著一體化的進(jìn)程而得到了不斷發(fā)展,一體化初期在歐洲層面工人的組織和消費者保護(hù)組織成立；而90年代馬斯特里赫特條約以來這個時期的共同體層面的各類組織數(shù)量呈現(xiàn)顯著的增長態(tài)勢,活動范圍也在不斷擴(kuò)大；最近的10年歐洲公民社會組織的數(shù)量和規(guī)模都得到了長足的發(fā)展,其活躍的領(lǐng)域也大有擴(kuò)展,公民社會組織也逐漸走向了制度化、職業(yè)化。 整體來看,歐洲公民社會組織的構(gòu)成形態(tài)或結(jié)構(gòu)基本上屬于網(wǎng)絡(luò)組織(network of networks)或傘形組織(umbrella organization, federation of federations),涉及到成千上萬的社團(tuán)組織,在各具有高度公眾關(guān)注、政治顯著性的政策和議題領(lǐng)域(社會政策、環(huán)境保護(hù)、健康和消費者權(quán)益)為公民提供了表達(dá)渠道,以集體的方式給社會中的弱者在政治體系中提供話語機(jī)會。這就說明公民社會組織已經(jīng)在歐盟層面組織起來,維護(hù)弱勢群體利益、實現(xiàn)公共利益,為公民提供了利益表達(dá)的一個平臺和渠道。 第四章、歐洲公民社會組織的政治參與：驅(qū)動力、多元化渠道和方式。在客觀條件和外界環(huán)境來看,歐盟各機(jī)構(gòu)在一系列的政策文件或條約中指出了公民社會行為體對于歐盟政策制定過程的(潛在)貢獻(xiàn),采取不同方式方法把公民社會乃至公民個人納入歐盟的政策過程,創(chuàng)造了很多咨詢和對話機(jī)制,從制度和法律方面確保公民社會組織的參與。其中,比較積極和活躍的是歐盟委員會、歐洲議會和歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)社會委員會。 在主觀的認(rèn)知和能力方面,縱向來看,公民社會組織的政治行為不僅要受成員邏輯(logic of membership)的影響,還受到影響的邏輯(logic of influence)指導(dǎo)。歐盟機(jī)構(gòu)和歐盟政策過程塑造了歐盟治理語境下的公民社會話語,也影響到公民社會組織對自身作用和功能的認(rèn)識和界定。同時,公民社會組織也具備了與民族國家內(nèi)部各類政治權(quán)威和其他利益團(tuán)體斗爭抑或是合作的能力,在超國家機(jī)構(gòu)、國家機(jī)構(gòu)的互動中積累了相當(dāng)?shù)慕?jīng)驗,民主參與能力得到鍛煉和培養(yǎng),而其自我管理、自我規(guī)制能力也得到鍛煉和提高。 歐洲公民社會組織對歐盟治理的政治參與的方式和途徑主要有：直接參與到和決策有關(guān)過程,如參加歐盟機(jī)構(gòu)的咨詢、對話、反饋等決策環(huán)節(jié),反映自己的偏好和愿望;間接影響決策,如通過和歐盟機(jī)構(gòu)和官員建立長期的經(jīng)常性的聯(lián)系、游說、舉行抗議活動、大型運動等,對決策機(jī)構(gòu)施加壓力,提高公眾意識和歐盟機(jī)構(gòu)對某議題的重視；在傳統(tǒng)的策略之外,還充分利用歐盟機(jī)構(gòu)的電子政府功能積極參與到歐盟政治過程。 第五章、公民社會組織參與歐盟多層治理的價值評價。作為公民群體的制度化的利益表達(dá)途徑之一,公民社會組織成為歐盟治理結(jié)構(gòu)中的參與主體。公民社會組織的參與被歐盟機(jī)構(gòu)和學(xué)者們視為是歐盟民主合法性缺乏癥的解藥,具有民主潛質(zhì)。 公民社會組織是民主的學(xué)校,可以給公民們提供民主生活必要的訓(xùn)練、知識和經(jīng)驗,具有教育和社會化功能。公民社會組織在歐盟治理結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部也承擔(dān)了組織社會生活的功能,是闡明合法的國家或治理結(jié)構(gòu)方法或手段,借由界定公共機(jī)構(gòu)和民眾的各自不同的活動范圍,動員、鼓勵并促成疏離的個人參與政治,既減輕了公共機(jī)構(gòu)的負(fù)擔(dān),這無疑也會強(qiáng)化公民之間的團(tuán)結(jié)。 在歐盟這個龐大的利益代表體系中,公民社會組織是重要的構(gòu)成元素。這樣,公民社會組織在跨國的歐盟層面代表著公民,并負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督政治過程以使決策者對自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)。而在歐盟的參與式民主中,公民社會組織是最重要的角色。在歐盟治理框架內(nèi),代議制民主和參與式民主相輔相成,共同構(gòu)成了歐盟民主生活。而公民社會組織就身處這樣的民主環(huán)境中,具有了不同于其他社會和政治角色的身份和地位,成為歐盟治理合法性的來源。 歐洲公民社會組織的參與是歐盟民主生活的組成部分,但民族國家的安排仍然起著實質(zhì)性的決定作用,國家及其代理人仍然掌握著歐盟機(jī)構(gòu)的運行及決策過程,因而公民社會組織獲得的是只是發(fā)言權(quán)而不是決定權(quán)。與擁有雄厚資源實力的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益集團(tuán)和大公司比較起來,歐洲公民社會組織可以獲得的機(jī)會和能夠?qū)W盟政策施加的影響卻又比較弱小和有限。 可以肯定的是,歐盟治理的實踐起碼為各類包括公民社會組織在內(nèi)的社會角色提供了渠道或者機(jī)會結(jié)構(gòu),使得它們的意見和利益得以被歐盟官方機(jī)構(gòu)所獲悉,公民社會組織和普通公民都可以主動加入到歐盟的政策形成過程,而不再只是被動接受和回應(yīng)政策對自己的影響,這樣的實踐會影響公民對歐盟的認(rèn)知,對于進(jìn)一步的歐洲認(rèn)同的形成或有益處。
[Abstract]:In the context of EU ' s unique and complex pluralism , the European Union has grown into a strong institutional role , has gained stronger competitiveness , the decision - making of Brussels has become more and more important and changes the political ecology of the member countries and the daily life of ordinary people . In the context of the unique and complicated EU , the EU is one of the channels of citizen participation . In the framework of EU multi - layer governance , the civil society organization is one of the channels of citizen ' s participation in politics and politics .

On the basis of the study of EU governance and civil society in EU , this paper studies the process of EU governance from a new perspective , and extends Lincoln ' s definition of democracy - - the people and for the people - - and its connotation to EU governance .

Chapter one , the historical evolution of the theory and connotation of civil society . The concept of civil society has a long history tradition in Europe , and its long history can be traced back to the Roman era of ancient Greece . Its theoretical connotation is evolving with the development of human society and political system .

In the late middle of the Middle Ages , with the development of East and West trade , in the late Middle Ages , with the development of East and West trade , the city in modern sense began to rise in Europe .

In modern enlightenment thinkers such as Locke , Montesquieu and so on , civil society is the political society , which is opposite to the natural state . At this time , the state is the political society with the highest authority . In the modern civil society theory represented by Hegel and Marx , the civil society is separated from the political country . At this time , the civil society is mainly economic relations .

The contemporary thinkers regard civil society as a social sphere separated from the state ( politics ) and market ( economy ) . The international relations scholars turn the line of sight to the concept of civil society at the international level . In the practice of EU official documents and multi - layer governance , the evolution of the concept of civil society has also undergone a tortuous process , which is divided into different stages , and the process identifies the change of the status and function of civil society and the process of the continuous development of EU institutions and civil society .

Chapter 2 , EU multi - level governance : the historical and institutional background of citizen ' s social organization participation . After the European Union has undergone the transformation of governance , it has formed a multi - layered and multi - layered network governance structure . It has a wide range of participation in the EU multi - level governance , which includes not only the official institutions of the European Union , the national and subnational governments and administrative authorities , political parties , non - governmental organizations , interest groups , the media and public opinion , but also the citizens of the Member States . Thus , this unique governance arrangement has a great openness and inclusiveness , providing a good opportunity for the participation of civil society organizations , thus becoming a system context for civil society political participation .

EU institutions have recognized the importance of establishing a more coherent framework to improve relations with civil society , EU institutions headed by the European Commission , different ways of incorporating civil society organizations into policy formulation processes , and EU policy processes providing concrete paths and possibilities for the participation of various social actors .

Chapter three , the development course and present situation of the European civil society organizations . Before the European integration process began , with the development of the nation , civil society groups , as part of the nation ' s country , have obvious regional politics and culture , which is the root cause of the social embeddability of civil society organizations .

Since the start of the European integration in the mid - 20th century , civil society organizations at the European level have begun to emerge and have been continuously developing along with the process of integration , with the organization of workers in Europe and the establishment of consumer protection organizations at the beginning of integration ;
In the 1990s , the number of organizations at the community level in this period has increased significantly since the 1990s , and the scope of activity has also been expanding ;
In recent ten years , the number and scale of European civil society organizations have been fully developed , and their active areas have also been expanded , and civil society organizations have gradually become institutionalized and professionalized .

As a whole , the form or structure of European civil society organizations basically belongs to the network of networks or umbrella organization , which involves thousands of community organizations , and provides expression channels for citizens in the fields of high public concern and political significance ( social policy , environmental protection , health and consumer rights ) . This explains that civil society organizations have organized in the EU level , safeguarded the interests of vulnerable groups , realized public interests , and provided a platform and channel for citizens to express their interests .

Chapter four , the political participation of European civil society organizations : driving force , diversified channels and ways . In the objective conditions and external environment , EU institutions have pointed out the potential contribution of civil society actors to EU policy - making process , and have created a lot of consultation and dialogue mechanisms to ensure the participation of civil society organizations from the aspects of system and law . Among them , the more active and active are the European Commission , the European Parliament and the Economic and Social Commission for Europe .

In the aspect of subjective cognition and ability , the political behavior of civil society organizations is not only influenced by logic of society , but also influenced by logic of influence .

The ways and means of political participation of European civil society organizations in EU governance are directly involved in decision - making related to decision - making , such as participation in decision - making links such as consultation , dialogue and feedback of EU institutions , reflecting their preferences and aspirations ; indirectly influencing decision - making , such as establishing long - term regular contacts with EU institutions and officials , lobbying , holding protests , large movements , etc . , exerting pressure on decision - making bodies , raising public awareness and the importance attached by EU institutions to a topic ;
In addition to the traditional strategy , the EU ' s electronic government function is fully utilized to participate in the EU ' s political process .

In chapter 5 , civil society organizations are involved in the value evaluation of EU multi - layer governance . As one of the ways to institutionalize citizen groups , civil society organizations become involved in the EU governance structure . The participation of civil society organizations is regarded by EU institutions and scholars as the antidote to the lack of democratic legitimacy of the European Union .

Civil society organizations are democratic schools , which can provide citizens with the necessary training , knowledge and experience for democratic life , and have the functions of education and socialization . Civil society organizations also have the function of organizing social life within the governance structure of the European Union .

Civil society organizations are important constituent elements in the EU ' s large representation system . Thus , civil society organizations represent citizens at the cross - border EU level and are responsible for supervising the political process so as to make decision makers accountable for their actions . In the European Union ' s participatory democracy , civil society organizations are the most important roles . In the democratic environment of EU , the civil society organizations have the status and status different from other social and political actors and become the source of EU governance legitimacy .

The participation of European civil society organizations is an integral part of the democratic life of the European Union , but the arrangement of the nation states still plays a substantive role . The state and its agents are still holding the operation and decision - making process of the European Union institutions , so the civil society organizations have only the voice but not the decision - making process . Compared with the economic interest group and the big company with strong resource strength , the European civil society organizations can acquire the opportunity and the influence on the EU policy , but are comparatively weak and limited .

It is certain that the practice of EU governance at least provides a channel or opportunity structure for various social actors , including civil society organizations , so that their views and interests can be learned by the official bodies of the European Union , and that civil society organizations and ordinary citizens can actively participate in the European Union ' s policy - forming process , rather than simply passively accept and respond to the impact of policies on their own . Such practices may affect citizens ' perception of the European Union and have the benefit of further European identity .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D75

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 冉源懋;從隱性生存走向軟性治理[D];西南大學(xué);2013年

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本文編號：1909818