本文選題：印度尼西亞 + 民主化進(jìn)程�。� 參考：《中共中央黨�！�2012年博士論文

【摘要】：印度尼西亞作為世界上最大的群島國家，占據(jù)著太平洋與印度洋之間重要的海上交通要道，在地緣政治方面具有重要的戰(zhàn)略價(jià)值；印尼是東南亞地區(qū)最大的國家，對東盟的發(fā)展以及東南亞地區(qū)的和平與穩(wěn)定都具有重要影響。中國要建設(shè)和平的周邊環(huán)境，發(fā)展與東盟國家的友好往來，處理好與美國、日本和印度等大國在東南亞地區(qū)的關(guān)系，就不得不重視與印尼的雙邊關(guān)系。因此，研究印尼的外交政策，尤其是研究民主改革時(shí)期的外交政策決策機(jī)制和外交政策內(nèi)容的變化具有十分重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。 研究印尼民主改革時(shí)期外交政策的另一個(gè)動(dòng)因就是探討外交政策理論的適用性問題。國際關(guān)系理論起源于西方，并且到目前為止，，西方國際關(guān)系理論仍占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位，這在外交政策理論研究方面同樣如此。本文在借鑒微觀外交政策理論研究視角的基礎(chǔ)上，通過分析印尼民主改革時(shí)期國內(nèi)因素對外交政策的影響，指出不同于西方成熟民主國家的外交政策分析理論，單一的官僚政治模式或組織過程模式都無法解釋印尼外交政策發(fā)生的變化，而是要從印尼政治體制變化的角度出發(fā)，從威權(quán)政體向民主政體的轉(zhuǎn)變是印尼外交政策變化的主要原因。與此同時(shí)，印尼發(fā)展過程中形成的世界觀也是一個(gè)重要的影響因素。 本文除去序言部分共有七章，以歷史發(fā)展為主線，運(yùn)用比較政治方法對民主改革時(shí)期影響印尼外交政策的因素進(jìn)行了分析，并指出在這些因素的影響下印尼的外交政策走向。 第一章主要介紹民主發(fā)展與對外政策理論。眾多的外交政策分析理論可以分為兩種，一種是從國際體系、國際環(huán)境等宏觀角度入手，分析國家總體外交戰(zhàn)略的制定和執(zhí)行；另一種是從微觀角度入手，強(qiáng)調(diào)對外交政策制定過程和決策機(jī)制的分析。民主對外交政策的影響屬于微觀角度分析，影響著國家的外交決策機(jī)制和外交政策內(nèi)容。具體到印尼的外交政策，學(xué)者們所提出的“權(quán)力平衡”、“威脅平衡”等理論都不能很好地解釋印尼當(dāng)今的外交政策。所以，本文試圖從民主與外交政策的關(guān)系入手分析印尼民主改革后的外交政策。 第二章回顧了后蘇哈托時(shí)期印尼民主改革的背景和內(nèi)容。1997年亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)不僅對印尼的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展帶來嚴(yán)重沖擊，也引發(fā)了一系列政治社會(huì)危機(jī)。人民公開表示對蘇哈托政府的不滿，要求進(jìn)行政治經(jīng)濟(jì)改革。蘇哈托最終在國內(nèi)外壓力下辭職，印尼從此開啟民主化進(jìn)程。印尼民主發(fā)展中最終要的成果就是對1945年憲法的修改，從1999年到2002年一共對憲法進(jìn)行了四次修改。確立了印尼的兩院制總統(tǒng)制，明確了分權(quán)制衡原則，加強(qiáng)了議會(huì)在外交領(lǐng)域的話語權(quán)；取消了軍隊(duì)的“雙重職能”，取消了對政黨的限制，人民可以自由組建政黨，在符合條件的情況下參加選舉；規(guī)定言論自由，允許公民社會(huì)的發(fā)展，并將人權(quán)等內(nèi)容寫進(jìn)憲法。 第三章從權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)的角度分析印尼的民主化進(jìn)程對其外交決策機(jī)制的影響。主要從三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行闡述：民主政體下，總統(tǒng)的權(quán)力受到限制，一方面是受到行政機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)部限制，另一方面是受到立法機(jī)構(gòu)的限制。在獲取對外政策信息以及執(zhí)行對外政策方面，總統(tǒng)依賴外交部；在國防領(lǐng)域，總統(tǒng)要咨詢國防部的意見；在涉及到經(jīng)濟(jì)、金融領(lǐng)域則是經(jīng)濟(jì)部擁有很大話語權(quán)。同時(shí)，議會(huì)對外交政策的影響加大了，不再只是橡皮圖章。人民代表會(huì)議第一委員會(huì)專門負(fù)責(zé)對外事物，有權(quán)干預(yù)任命駐外使節(jié)，有權(quán)批準(zhǔn)國際條約，立法機(jī)關(guān)是對行政機(jī)關(guān)的主要制衡力量。軍隊(duì)被取消了“雙重職能”，不再干預(yù)國家政治，也不再擔(dān)任駐外大使等職位。 第四章從公民社會(huì)的角度分析印尼的民主化進(jìn)程對其外交決策機(jī)制的影響。印尼開始民主改革后，取消了對公民社會(huì)的限制，允許言論、結(jié)社自由。印尼公民社會(huì)發(fā)展的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是具有伊斯蘭性質(zhì)，政治伊斯蘭勢力在印尼具有很大影響力。伊斯蘭教師聯(lián)合會(huì)和穆罕默迪亞這兩個(gè)伊斯蘭組織在印尼社會(huì)具有很大影響力，一部分穆斯林還通過組建政黨或是極端的恐怖主義方式影響國家對伊斯蘭國家的外交政策。當(dāng)然，印尼的外交政策中也體現(xiàn)了溫和穆斯林的寬容等價(jià)值觀。 第五章闡述了后蘇哈托時(shí)期印尼民主化進(jìn)程中所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)以及這些挑戰(zhàn)對國家外交政策內(nèi)容帶來的影響。在經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)中開始的民主改革除了要維護(hù)國內(nèi)政治社會(huì)穩(wěn)定外，還要將經(jīng)濟(jì)恢復(fù)與發(fā)展作為制定外交政策的重要考量之一；民主化進(jìn)程提高了人民對人權(quán)等問題的關(guān)注，要求政府將民主與人權(quán)原則貫穿到對外政策之中；恐怖主義等非傳統(tǒng)安全的威脅要求政府在加強(qiáng)與國際社會(huì)的反恐合作時(shí)，還要顧及國內(nèi)穆斯林的情緒。利用印尼民主與伊斯蘭并行不悖的性質(zhì)充當(dāng)西方國家與伊斯蘭世界的橋梁。 第六章主要從印尼世界觀的角度分析民主化對印尼世界觀所帶來的變化，并由此進(jìn)一步影響到外交政策。從獨(dú)立之初的蘇加諾政府到軍事政變上臺的蘇哈托政府，再到后蘇哈托時(shí)期的民主政府，印尼形成了以“潘查希拉”、“獨(dú)立、自由、平等”的價(jià)值觀以及“大國思想”的世界觀，印尼的外交政策目標(biāo)也從最初開展“獨(dú)立、積極”外交以維護(hù)印尼的主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土安全，發(fā)展到以外交為工具充當(dāng)世界橋梁，進(jìn)而爭取世界領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)。 第七章在綜合前幾章分析的基礎(chǔ)上，分析印尼在民主改革時(shí)期的外交政策走向，即開展“全方位”外交。東盟仍是印尼外交政策的基石，印尼今后會(huì)進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)東盟的一體化發(fā)展，促進(jìn)東盟在民主人權(quán)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展。同時(shí)，印尼還將積極利用雙邊多邊關(guān)系拓寬外交舞臺。而將民主原則和內(nèi)容貫穿到對外政策之中提升了印尼的國際形象。隨著印尼民主化進(jìn)程的不斷深入，其外交決策機(jī)制會(huì)越來越完善，在以“民主”為內(nèi)容的同時(shí)進(jìn)一步深化“全方位”外交。
[Abstract]:Indonesia, as the largest archipelago in the world, occupies an important maritime traffic route between the Pacific and the India ocean, and has an important strategic value in geopolitics. Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia. It has an important impact on the development of ASEAN and the peace and stability of Southeast Asia. Setting up a peaceful surrounding environment, developing friendly exchanges with ASEAN countries and dealing with the relations with the United States, Japan and India in Southeast Asia, we have to attach importance to the bilateral relations with Indonesia. Therefore, study the foreign policy of Indonesia, especially the changes in the foreign policy decision-making mechanism and foreign policy content of the democratic reform period. It has a very important practical significance.
Another reason for the study of the diplomatic policy during the period of democratic reform in Indonesia is to explore the applicability of the foreign policy theory. The theory of international relations originated in the west, and so far, western international relations theory still occupies the dominant position, which is also the same in the study of foreign policy theory. This article is a reference to the theory of micro foreign policy. On the basis of the research angle of view, through the analysis of the influence of the domestic foreign policy on the Indonesian democratic reform during the period of the Indonesian democratic reform, it points out that the foreign policy analysis theory, which is different from the western mature democratic countries, can not explain the changes of the Indonesian foreign policy, but the change of the Indonesian political system, but the change of the Indonesian political system. From the point of view, the change from the authoritarian regime to the democratic regime is the main reason for the changes in the Indonesian foreign policy. At the same time, the world outlook formed in the process of Indonesia's development is also an important factor.
In this paper, there are seven chapters in the preface, and the main line of historical development is to analyze the factors that affect the Indonesian foreign policy during the period of democratic reform by means of comparative political method, and point out the trend of the Indonesian foreign policy under the influence of these factors.
The first chapter mainly introduces the democratic development and the foreign policy theory. Many foreign policy analysis theories can be divided into two kinds. One is to analyze the formulation and implementation of the national overall diplomatic strategy from the macro perspective of the international system and the international environment. The other is from the micro point of view and emphasizes the process of making foreign policy and the decision-making mechanism. The influence of the Democratic diplomatic policy is microscopic analysis, affecting the state's diplomatic policy and foreign policy content. To the Indonesian foreign policy, the theory of "balance of power", "balance of threats" and other theories put forward by scholars can not explain the foreign policy of Indo. The relationship between the Lord and foreign policy starts with the analysis of the foreign policy after the democratic reform in Indonesia.
The second chapter reviews the background and content of the Indonesian democratic reform in the post Suharto period. The Asian economic crisis in.1997 not only brought serious impact on the economic development of Indonesia, but also led to a series of political and social crises. The people publicly expressed their dissatisfaction with the Suharto government and demanded political and economic reform. Suharto finally was under pressure both at home and abroad. The ultimate result of Indonesia's democratic development was the revision of the Constitution in 1945. From 1999 to 2002, the constitution was revised four times. The presidential system of the bicameral system was established, the principle of separation of powers was defined, the discourse power of the parliament in the field of diplomacy was strengthened, and the army was cancelled. "Double functions" abolish restrictions on political parties, the people can freely form political parties and participate in the election in accordance with the conditions that meet the conditions; the freedom of speech, the development of civil society, and the inclusion of human rights in the constitution.
The third chapter analyzes the influence of the process of Indonesian democratization on its diplomatic decision-making mechanism from the perspective of the authority, mainly from three aspects: under the democratic regime, the power of the president is restricted, on the one hand it is restricted by the internal administrative bodies, on the other hand, it is restricted by the legislature. In the field of foreign policy, the president depends on the Ministry of foreign affairs; in the field of national defense, the president should consult the Ministry of defense; in the context of the economy and the financial sector, the Ministry of economics has a great language right. At the same time, the influence of the foreign policy on the parliament has increased, not just a rubber stamp. The first committee of the people's Congress is responsible for foreign affairs. The right to intervene in the diplomatic envoy to the diplomatic envoy, the right to ratify the international treaty, the legislature is the main force on the balance of the administrative organs. The army has been abolished "dual functions", no longer interfere with the state politics, and no longer serve as an ambassador to the outside world.
The fourth chapter analyzes the influence of the process of Indonesian democratization on its diplomatic decision-making mechanism from the perspective of civil society. After the start of democratic reform, Indonesia has abolished restrictions on civil society, allowed speech and freedom of association. A characteristic of the social development of Indonesian civil society is the character of Islam, and the political Islamic forces have a great influence on Indonesia. The Islamic teachers' Federation and Muhamad Dia, the two Islamic organizations, have great influence in Indonesian society. Some Muslims have also influenced the country's foreign policy to Islamic countries by forming a political party or an extreme terrorist way. Of course, the Indonesian diplomatic policy also embodies the tolerance of moderate Muslims. Values.
The fifth chapter expounds the challenges facing the process of Indonesian democratization in the post Suharto period and the impact of these challenges on the content of the national foreign policy. In addition to maintaining domestic political and social stability in the economic crisis, the economic recovery and development should be considered as one of the important considerations for the formulation of foreign policy. The process of democratization has raised the people's attention to human rights and so on. It requires the government to penetrate the principles of democracy and human rights into foreign policies. The threat of non traditional security such as terrorism requires the government to take account of the feelings of domestic Muslims while strengthening counter-terrorism cooperation with the international community. The nature of it serves as a bridge between western countries and the Islamic world.
The sixth chapter mainly analyzes the changes brought by the Indonesian world view from the perspective of the Indonesian world view, and thus further affects the foreign policy. From the Sukarno administration of the early independence to the Suharto government of the military coup, and then to the democratic government of the post Suharto period, Indonesia formed "Panca Sheila", "independence, self". On the basis of the values of equality and the world view of "great power", the foreign policy goal of Indonesia is also to carry out "independent, positive" diplomacy in order to safeguard the sovereignty and territorial security of Indonesia, develop the world bridge with diplomacy as a tool, and then strive for world leadership.
The seventh chapter, on the basis of the analysis of the previous chapters, analyzes the trend of the foreign policy of Indonesia during the period of democratic reform, namely, the "all-round" diplomacy. ASEAN is still the cornerstone of the Indonesian foreign policy. In the future, Indonesia will further promote the integration and development of ASEAN and promote the development of ASEAN in the field of the rights of the people. Widening the diplomatic stage with bilateral multilateral relations and promoting the international image of Indonesia through the principles and contents of democracy and the foreign policy. With the deepening of the process of democratization in Indonesia, its diplomatic decision-making mechanism will become more and more perfect and further deepen the "omni-directional" diplomacy at the same time as "democracy" as the content.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中共中央黨校
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D734.2;D834.2

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