埃及立憲君主制時期的政黨政治研究
本文選題:立憲君主制時期 + 政黨政治。 參考:《南開大學》2012年博士論文
【摘要】:埃及作為世界文明古國之一,因其久遠豐厚的文化傳統(tǒng)、對人類發(fā)展的卓越貢獻和重要的地理位置,而成為非洲地區(qū)、地中海地區(qū)、中東地區(qū)和穆斯林世界的重要國家,也是近代最早接觸、學習西方工業(yè)文明并啟動現(xiàn)代化進程的阿拉伯地區(qū)國家。1923年至1952年的立憲君主制時期是埃及從殖民地向獨立國家轉變的重要時期,是埃及社會傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代、精英與民眾、世俗與宗教激烈沖突和此消彼長的轉型階段,也是奠定埃及現(xiàn)代政治體系的關鍵時期。政黨政治是此間埃及憲政生活的顯著特征。 埃及的現(xiàn)代政黨產生于特定的歷史環(huán)境,是自1805年阿里王朝開啟現(xiàn)代進程以來埃及政治、經濟、社會結構和思想文化發(fā)展到一定階段的產物,,爭取民族獨立和實現(xiàn)立憲政治是新生政治力量必須承擔的歷史責任。立憲君主制誕生于民族主義政黨及其民眾支持者發(fā)動的1919年革命,其制度基礎是英國1922年聲明和埃及的1923年憲法。民族獨立的不徹底使立憲君主制時期的政黨政治帶有濃厚的民族主義運動的色彩。 立憲君主制時期以華夫托黨為代表的議會政黨極大地推進了埃及的民族獨立事業(yè)。在埃及這樣一個軍事力量弱小、經濟發(fā)展單一、社會結構嚴重不平衡、農業(yè)地主階級主導政治、其他社會階層不覺醒或力量分散、民族認同仍待整合的國家,面對強大的帝國主義力量,民族獨立任務的完成不是一蹴而就的。埃及不具備通過轟轟烈烈的大革命一次性地解決獨立問題的經濟、階級、軍事和思想條件,議會政黨的和平談判是爭取獨立的重要方式,1936年條約是埃及走向完全獨立的重要步驟。 立憲君主制時期的憲政實踐、國王和政黨及政黨之間的權力競爭為民眾的政治參與和民眾政治組織的興起提供較為寬松的環(huán)境。新興民眾政治組織通過多樣化的思想形態(tài)和綱領主張將社會不同層面的普通民眾卷入到爭取民族獨立和否定立憲君主制的政治活動之中,是埃及民主政治參與擴大的重要表現(xiàn),它們極大地消耗了帝國主義、封建王室和議會精英政黨的力量,為軍人政變革命提供了契機。 納賽爾領導的自由軍官運動是對議會政黨民族事業(yè)的繼承和發(fā)展,其發(fā)動的1952年革命推翻了立憲君主政治,完成了反帝反封的革命任務。自由軍官掌權后的改革措施是民眾政治組織社會經濟與政治主張的具體體現(xiàn)。從這個意義上說,納賽爾革命是立憲君主制時期政黨政治發(fā)展的結果。
[Abstract]:Egypt, as one of the ancient civilizations of the world, has become an important country in Africa, the Mediterranean, the Middle East and the Muslim world because of its long and rich cultural tradition, its outstanding contribution to human development and its important geographical position. The constitutional monarchy period from 1923 to 1952 was an important period for the transition of Egypt from a colony to an independent country, and was the tradition and modern of Egyptian society. The fierce conflict between elite and people, secular and religious conflicts and the changing period are also the key periods to establish Egypt's modern political system. Party politics is a prominent feature of constitutional life in Egypt. The modern political parties in Egypt emerged from a specific historical environment and were the product of the development of Egyptian politics, economy, social structure and ideology and culture since the beginning of the modern process of the Ali dynasty in 1805. Striving for national independence and realizing constitutional politics are the historical responsibilities of new political forces. Constitutional monarchy was born in the 1919 revolution launched by nationalist political parties and their popular supporters. The constitutional monarchy was based on the British Declaration of 1922 and Egypt's 1923 Constitution. The imperfection of national independence makes the party politics of constitutional monarchy with strong nationalistic movement. During the constitutional monarchy, the parliamentary party represented by Wafto party greatly promoted the cause of national independence in Egypt. In Egypt, where military power is weak, economic development is single, the social structure is seriously unbalanced, the agricultural landlord class dominates politics, other social strata are unawakened or dispersed, and the national identity is still to be integrated. In the face of powerful imperialist forces, the task of national independence was not accomplished overnight. Egypt does not have the economic, class, military and ideological conditions to resolve the issue of independence once and for all through the great revolution, The peace talks between parliamentary parties are an important way to achieve independence, and the 1936 Treaty is an important step towards full independence of Egypt. The constitutional practice during the constitutional monarchy period, the power competition between the king and the political parties and political parties provided a more relaxed environment for the people's political participation and the rise of popular political organizations. The emerging popular political organizations advocated the involvement of ordinary people at different levels of society in the political activities of fighting for national independence and denying the constitutional monarchy through diverse ideological forms and programs, which was an important manifestation of the expansion of democratic political participation in Egypt. They greatly consumed the imperialist, feudal royal and parliamentary elite parties, providing an opportunity for the military coup revolution. Nasser's movement of free officers inherited and developed the national cause of parliamentary political parties. The 1952 revolution launched by Nasser overthrew constitutional monarchy and completed the revolutionary task of anti-imperialist and anti-feudal. The reform measures after the free officer came to power are the concrete embodiment of the social economy and political proposition of the people's political organization. In this sense, Nasser Revolution was the result of the political development of the constitutional monarchy.
【學位授予單位】:南開大學
【學位級別】:博士
【學位授予年份】:2012
【分類號】:D741.1;K411.43
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