本文選題：社會(huì)政策　切入點(diǎn)：歐洲一體化　出處：《山東大學(xué)》2010年博士論文

【摘要】： 羅馬條約簽署以后歐洲一體化在社會(huì)政策領(lǐng)域始終沒(méi)有取得實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)展。從目前情況看,成員國(guó)的社會(huì)政策基本上處于分散狀態(tài),歐洲聯(lián)盟在社會(huì)政策領(lǐng)域僅僅發(fā)揮支持、協(xié)調(diào)與輔助作用。建立內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)與貨幣聯(lián)盟是歐洲一體化取得的重要成就。統(tǒng)一的內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)具有規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢(shì),單一貨幣能夠降低交易成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn),對(duì)于深化內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)建設(shè)具有積極的推動(dòng)作用。內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)機(jī)制能否發(fā)揮應(yīng)有的作用在很大程度上取決于能否實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)要素自由流動(dòng)、單一貨幣穩(wěn)定以及成員國(guó)之間的平等分配和公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。成員國(guó)分散的社會(huì)政策是影響內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)勞動(dòng)力自由流動(dòng)、平等分配和公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)以及貨幣聯(lián)盟穩(wěn)定的主要因素。因此歐盟在建立內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)與貨幣聯(lián)盟的同時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)確立統(tǒng)一的社會(huì)政策。 按照政府間主義的解釋,統(tǒng)一的社會(huì)政策作為一體化目標(biāo)必須具有功能意義上的必要性,即有助于減少由于經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)相互依賴程度不斷加深導(dǎo)致的消極外部性。統(tǒng)一的社會(huì)政策是否具有功能意義上的必要性取決于應(yīng)當(dāng)如何看待一體化的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r以及統(tǒng)一的社會(huì)政策與一體化之間的關(guān)系。從功能意義上看,統(tǒng)一的社會(huì)政策的必要性體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面：第一,能夠滿足內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)與貨幣聯(lián)盟的實(shí)際需要；第二,能夠減少經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化在缺乏統(tǒng)一的社會(huì)政策的情況下可能產(chǎn)生的消極影響。 實(shí)現(xiàn)勞動(dòng)力自由流動(dòng),建立統(tǒng)一的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng),是內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)計(jì)劃的必要組成部分。成員國(guó)分散的社會(huì)政策是影響勞動(dòng)力自由流動(dòng)的主要因素。內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)整個(gè)再生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的順利進(jìn)行依賴于穩(wěn)定的勞動(dòng)力要素投入和商品需求。靈活的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)政策有助于解決成員國(guó)普遍面臨的失業(yè)問(wèn)題,勞動(dòng)力自由流動(dòng)是改善內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)勞動(dòng)力供求關(guān)系的有效途徑。在缺乏必要的貨幣政策的情況下,勞動(dòng)力自由流動(dòng)能夠減少需求條件變化對(duì)再生產(chǎn)過(guò)程產(chǎn)生的消極影響。 內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)依賴于效率與平等。經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化主要依靠市場(chǎng)機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)資源在成員國(guó)之間的分配,內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)的分配和收益狀況在很大程度上取決于成員國(guó)的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。由于成員國(guó)比較優(yōu)勢(shì)存在差異,在缺乏有效的再分配和轉(zhuǎn)移支付機(jī)制的情況下,內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)分配和收益也會(huì)存在差異。這會(huì)阻礙成員國(guó)在建立內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)與貨幣聯(lián)盟的過(guò)程中發(fā)揮應(yīng)有的作用。貨幣聯(lián)盟依賴于效率與穩(wěn)定。穩(wěn)定是效率的前提,影響穩(wěn)定的因素會(huì)對(duì)效率產(chǎn)生消極作用,缺乏穩(wěn)定的單一貨幣會(huì)影響內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的正常發(fā)揮。由于穩(wěn)定與增長(zhǎng)機(jī)制更多地強(qiáng)調(diào)成本、物價(jià)和貨幣增長(zhǎng)率等名義指標(biāo)趨同,缺乏必要的失業(yè)率等實(shí)際宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)趨同措施,經(jīng)濟(jì)條件變化會(huì)增加成員國(guó)短期和長(zhǎng)期宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)整成本,最終影響貨幣聯(lián)盟穩(wěn)定。歐洲一體化需要所有成員國(guó)的支持和參與。內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)本身不可能解決效率與平等問(wèn)題,貨幣聯(lián)盟本身也不可能解決效率與穩(wěn)定問(wèn)題。歐盟必須通過(guò)有效的轉(zhuǎn)移支付機(jī)制和實(shí)際趨同措施對(duì)內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)和貨幣聯(lián)盟進(jìn)行干預(yù)才能夠保證一體化的順利進(jìn)行。 內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢(shì)的正常發(fā)揮依賴于公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng),競(jìng)爭(zhēng)政策是內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)政策的核心組成部分。成員國(guó)分散的社會(huì)政策阻礙公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)生產(chǎn)要素自由流動(dòng)加劇了成員國(guó)之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),成員國(guó)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)在一定程度上取決于勞動(dòng)力成本優(yōu)勢(shì)。般情況下,較低的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平和社會(huì)保障水平意味著較低的勞動(dòng)力成本。從內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)的角度看,較低的勞動(dòng)力成本能夠獲得較為明顯的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。由于成員國(guó)的社會(huì)保障水平和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)存在較大差異,內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)有可能導(dǎo)致社會(huì)傾銷和競(jìng)次。成員國(guó)采取什么樣的政策和措施不僅取決于實(shí)際需要,而且取決于可供選擇的政策手段的構(gòu)成狀況。隨著一體化的不斷深入,成員國(guó)可自主支配的政策手段逐步轉(zhuǎn)移到歐盟的權(quán)限范圍以內(nèi)。經(jīng)濟(jì)與貨幣聯(lián)盟建立以后,社會(huì)政策幾乎成為成員國(guó)協(xié)調(diào)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展的唯一手段。在傳統(tǒng)的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策不能有效地發(fā)揮作用的情況下,降低社會(huì)保障水平和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可能成為成員國(guó)緩解競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力和獲取競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)必須采取的措施。 歐洲社會(huì)模式概念的提出意味著成員國(guó)的社會(huì)政策具有一定程度的相似性,為討論歐盟制定和實(shí)施統(tǒng)一的社會(huì)政策的可能性提供了合理依據(jù)。統(tǒng)一的社會(huì)政策必須考慮成員國(guó)社會(huì)保障水平和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等形式和內(nèi)容方面的差異。社會(huì)政策的形式和內(nèi)容是更具根本意義的原則和價(jià)值取向的體現(xiàn)。一種能夠體現(xiàn)大多數(shù)成員國(guó)的社會(huì)政策原則和價(jià)值取向的統(tǒng)一的社會(huì)政策更容易為成員國(guó)接受。如果成員國(guó)的社會(huì)政策具有相同的原則和價(jià)值取向,具體形式和內(nèi)容的趨同程度對(duì)于歐盟制定和實(shí)施統(tǒng)一的社會(huì)政策顯得更加重要。盡管過(guò)多的差異并不意味著完全否定歐盟制定和實(shí)施統(tǒng)一的社會(huì)政策的可能性,但是會(huì)在很大程度上增加立法與決策難度。 成員國(guó)社會(huì)政策的實(shí)際發(fā)展?fàn)顩r和歐盟的制度能力是影響歐盟制定和實(shí)施統(tǒng)一的社會(huì)政策的主要因素。歐盟的社會(huì)政策協(xié)調(diào)以及內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)與貨幣聯(lián)盟的建立能夠在一定程度上增加成員國(guó)社會(huì)政策的相似性,但是不可能從根本上消除成員國(guó)社會(huì)保障水平和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差異。隨著歐盟的逐步擴(kuò)大,成員國(guó)社會(huì)政策的差異程度會(huì)不斷提高。統(tǒng)一的社會(huì)政策必然涉及再分配問(wèn)題,它要求歐盟必須擁有足夠的財(cái)政資源,并且能夠隨著轉(zhuǎn)移支付規(guī)模的變化及時(shí)做出調(diào)整。但是由于歐盟的預(yù)算來(lái)源十分有限,支出相對(duì)集中,再加上成員國(guó)之間在預(yù)算安排問(wèn)題上存在分歧,擴(kuò)大預(yù)算來(lái)源和調(diào)整支出結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)想至少?gòu)哪壳翱措y以實(shí)現(xiàn),而且這種狀況短期內(nèi)不會(huì)改變。 把統(tǒng)一的社會(huì)政策確立為一體化目標(biāo)是歐盟在社會(huì)政策領(lǐng)域獲得足夠的決策權(quán)限的最有效途徑。歐盟的權(quán)限源于成員國(guó)授權(quán),成員國(guó)授權(quán)的依據(jù)是共同確立的一體化目標(biāo),只有為實(shí)現(xiàn)一體化目標(biāo)必須共同采取行動(dòng)的政策領(lǐng)域才會(huì)最終被納入歐盟的權(quán)限范圍以內(nèi)。成員國(guó)確立的一體化目標(biāo)具有全局意義。一體化涉及哪些政策領(lǐng)域,采取哪些具體措施,權(quán)限范圍如何確定,以及采用什么樣的決策程序和規(guī)則,都取決于一體化目標(biāo)。由于統(tǒng)一的社會(huì)政策不能成為一體化目標(biāo),歐盟在社會(huì)政策領(lǐng)域的地位、作用和決策能力受到很大程度的限制。權(quán)限問(wèn)題不僅包括權(quán)限轉(zhuǎn)移問(wèn)題,而且包括權(quán)限歸屬問(wèn)題。把統(tǒng)一的社會(huì)政策確立為一體化目標(biāo)只能解決權(quán)限轉(zhuǎn)移問(wèn)題,不可能從根本上解決權(quán)限歸屬問(wèn)題。成員國(guó)實(shí)施社會(huì)政策立法與決策的實(shí)際效果最終取決于權(quán)限歸屬。統(tǒng)一的社會(huì)政策的主要作用是促進(jìn)勞動(dòng)力自由流動(dòng),與勞動(dòng)力關(guān)系最密切的社會(huì)保障問(wèn)題是成員國(guó)社會(huì)政策中最重要的組成部分。歐盟實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)政策領(lǐng)域權(quán)限轉(zhuǎn)移和解決權(quán)限歸屬問(wèn)題會(huì)面臨很多困難,可能需要很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。 歐盟在社會(huì)政策領(lǐng)域獲得足夠的決策權(quán)限的另一條重要途徑是依靠靈活的程序和規(guī)則、通過(guò)漸進(jìn)的方式逐步擴(kuò)大在社會(huì)政策領(lǐng)域的決策能力。這種方式是否有效取決于決策機(jī)構(gòu)在一體化問(wèn)題上的立場(chǎng)及其在決策過(guò)程中的地位和作用。委員會(huì)積極的立法建議是推動(dòng)成員國(guó)在社會(huì)政策領(lǐng)域加強(qiáng)合作的必要前提。在部長(zhǎng)理事會(huì)完全支配決策過(guò)程的情況下,委員會(huì)的許多立法建議不能被及時(shí)采納。議會(huì)在立法與決策過(guò)程中的地位和作用不斷提高能夠部分改變部長(zhǎng)理事會(huì)否決委員會(huì)立法建議的局面。但是歐盟條約引入輔助性原則以后,委員會(huì)的立法建議權(quán)受到很大程度的限制。如果委員會(huì)不能提出有助于擴(kuò)大歐盟社會(huì)政策立法與決策權(quán)限的建議,有效多數(shù)表決方式適用范圍的擴(kuò)展不可能從根本上改變歐盟在社會(huì)政策領(lǐng)域的弱勢(shì)地位。在很多情況下,歐盟的立法與決策不可能完全符合所有成員國(guó)的立場(chǎng)。如果適用有效多數(shù)表決方式通過(guò)的決議不能反映所有成員國(guó)的實(shí)際需要,成員國(guó)之間的立場(chǎng)分歧可能會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)政策立法與決策的具體實(shí)施產(chǎn)生消極影響。 完全統(tǒng)一成員國(guó)的社會(huì)保障水平和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是實(shí)現(xiàn)內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)勞動(dòng)力自由流動(dòng)、平等分配和公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)以及貨幣聯(lián)盟穩(wěn)定的最有效途徑。但是由于成員國(guó)社會(huì)政策立法極為復(fù)雜,經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)狀況與勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)條件存在較大差異,完全統(tǒng)一的設(shè)想并不現(xiàn)實(shí)。消除社會(huì)保障水平和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差異必須以滿足勞動(dòng)力的實(shí)際需要為前提。能否在不降低發(fā)達(dá)成員國(guó)社會(huì)保障水平和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的情況下,通過(guò)擴(kuò)大結(jié)構(gòu)基金支出規(guī)模把差距縮小在合理范圍以內(nèi),取決于成員國(guó)能否達(dá)成共識(shí)。 一體化的最初目的是針對(duì)成員國(guó)的主權(quán)確立有效的約束機(jī)制,因?yàn)椴皇苋魏蜗拗频闹鳈?quán)必然影響成員國(guó)的穩(wěn)定與繁榮。條約引入輔助性原則意味著社會(huì)政策領(lǐng)域的立法與決策不可能完全轉(zhuǎn)移到歐盟的權(quán)限范圍以內(nèi)。成員國(guó)不可能在相互限制主權(quán)的同時(shí)重新建立一種擁有絕對(duì)支配能力的主權(quán)形式。立法與決策及其組織實(shí)施不可能屬于同一權(quán)限范圍。即使社會(huì)政策立法與決策成為歐盟的專屬權(quán)限,社會(huì)政策的具體實(shí)施仍然必須由成員國(guó)完成。成員國(guó)、地區(qū)以及社會(huì)合作伙伴在歐盟立法與決策過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用,多層治理能夠更加真實(shí)地反映一體化在社會(huì)政策領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r。
[Abstract]:Since the signing of the Rome Treaty , the European integration has not made substantial progress in the field of social policy . At present , the social policy of the member states is basically in a dispersed state . The European Union has played an important role in the field of social policy . The establishment of the internal market and economic and monetary union is an important achievement in European integration . The internal market and the economic and monetary union are the major achievements of European integration . The internal market mechanism can play a positive role in deepening the internal market construction . The decentralized social policy of the member states is the main factor that affects the free movement of the labour force in the internal market , the equal distribution and fair competition and the stability of the monetary union . Therefore , the EU should establish a unified social policy while establishing the internal market and the economic and monetary union .



According to the explanation of intergovernmental doctrine , the unified social policy must have the functional significance as the integration goal , that is , it helps to reduce the negative external nature caused by the deepening of economic and social interdependence . The necessity of unity of social policy depends on how to look at the development of integration and the relation between the unified social policy and integration .
Second , it is possible to reduce the negative impact that economic integration may have in the absence of a unified social policy .



The realization of the free movement of labor force and the establishment of a unified labor market are the necessary components of the internal market plan . The decentralized social policy of the member states is the main factor that influences the free movement of the labor force . The flexible labor market policy can help solve the problem of unemployment generally faced by the member countries . The flexible labor market policy can help solve the problem of unemployment generally faced by the member countries . In the absence of the necessary monetary policy , the free movement of the labor force can reduce the negative impact of the change of demand condition on the reproduction process .



Economic integration relies mainly on market mechanism to realize the distribution of resources among the member countries . The distribution and return of internal market depends on the comparative advantage of the member countries .



Economic advantage of internal market depends on fair competition , and competition policy is the core part of internal market policy .



The introduction of the European social model concept means that the social policy of the member states has a certain degree of similarity and provides a reasonable basis for discussing the possibility of establishing and implementing a unified social policy for the European Union . The form and content of social policy must take into account the social policy principles and the value orientation of the member countries .



The social policy coordination of the European Union and the establishment of the internal market and the economic and monetary union can increase the similarity of the social policies of the member countries to a certain extent , but it is not possible to fundamentally eliminate the social security level and the standard difference of the member countries .



The unified social policy is the most effective way for the EU to obtain adequate decision - making authority in the field of social policy . The European Union ' s authority derives from the authorization of the member States , and the basis of the authorization of the member states is within the jurisdiction of the European Union . The integration goal of the member states has a global significance . The integration of social policy can only solve the problem of authority transfer . The main function of the unified social policy is to promote the free movement of the labor force , and the social security problem which is the closest to the labor force is the most important part of the member countries ' social policy . The EU ' s realization of the right to transfer and solve the right of authority in the field of social policy can face many difficulties and may take a long time .



EU legislation and decision - making cannot fundamentally change the EU ' s position and role in the field of social policy .



It is not realistic to completely unify the social security standards and standards of the member countries , but because the legislation of the social policy of the member states is extremely complex , the economic and social situation and the conditions of the labour market are quite different , the idea of complete reunification is not realistic . The elimination of social security standards and standard differences must be based on the practical needs of the labor force .



The initial aim of the integration is to establish an effective restriction mechanism for the sovereignty of the member States , because the sovereignty of any limitation inevitably affects the stability and prosperity of the member States . The introduction of subsidiarity means that legislation and decisions in the area of social policy cannot be completely transferred to the jurisdiction of the European Union . Even if social policy legislation and decision - making cannot be completely transferred to the jurisdiction of the European Union , the implementation of social policy must be completed by member States . Even if social policy legislation and decision - making become the exclusive authority of the European Union , the implementation of social policy must be completed by member States . In the EU legislation and decision - making , the member states , regions and social partners play an important role in the process of EU legislation and decision - making , and multi - level governance can reflect more truly the development of integration in the field of social policy .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：D75

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前5條

1 田德文;論歐洲聯(lián)盟的社會(huì)政策[J];歐洲;2000年04期

2 周弘;“第三條道路”與歐洲聯(lián)盟的社會(huì)模式[J];歐洲;2000年05期

3 周弘;國(guó)內(nèi)歐盟社會(huì)政策研究之我見(jiàn)[J];歐洲研究;2003年01期

4 楊逢珉;歐盟推行社會(huì)政策的實(shí)踐與障礙[J];世界經(jīng)濟(jì)與政治;1997年02期

5 劉玉安;;福利國(guó)家與社會(huì)和諧——北歐模式探源[J];文史哲;2008年05期

，

本文編號(hào)：1726260