本文選題：朗諾政變　切入點(diǎn)：越南化　出處：《南京大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：研究當(dāng)代柬埔寨的朗諾政變及其前后美國(guó)對(duì)柬埔寨政策的演變是既具有學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值,又具有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義的選題。當(dāng)時(shí)正值美國(guó)宣布要盡快結(jié)束越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),逐步在印支地區(qū)實(shí)現(xiàn)越南化計(jì)劃之際,對(duì)越南化計(jì)劃的實(shí)現(xiàn)具有重要地理、戰(zhàn)略和軍事意義的柬埔寨便發(fā)生了朗諾政變。政變推翻了中立的西哈努克政權(quán),建立了親美的朗諾政權(quán)。這一事件不僅在當(dāng)時(shí)的世界范圍內(nèi)引起了很大的震動(dòng),也對(duì)美國(guó)的越南化計(jì)劃造成了很大的影響。 朗諾政變之前,柬埔寨元首西哈努克為了在夾縫中求生存,不得不采取中立的政策,既不與西方國(guó)家過于親密,也不和共產(chǎn)黨國(guó)家走得太近。他起初對(duì)美國(guó)和北越的行動(dòng)都保持默許,但是隨著北越在柬埔寨活動(dòng)范圍的擴(kuò)大,柬埔寨平民受其影響越來越嚴(yán)重,西哈努克無力趕走邊境上的北越軍隊(duì),加上柬埔寨國(guó)內(nèi)的經(jīng)濟(jì)停滯不前,政治上危機(jī)重重。西哈努克的威信受到了很大的影響。 1969年,西哈努克為了緩解國(guó)內(nèi)的危機(jī),重組政府。野心勃勃的朗諾和西哈努克的宿敵施里瑪達(dá)分別擔(dān)任了首相和副首相,開始在政治上排除異己,日益孤立西哈努克。邊境上不斷的戰(zhàn)火加上國(guó)內(nèi)深重的危機(jī)終于讓西哈努克決定動(dòng)身前往莫斯科和北京尋求援助,幫他勸說北越離開柬埔寨。但西哈努克還沒來得及帶回莫斯科和北京對(duì)其幫助的消息。蓄謀已久的朗諾和施里瑪達(dá)便趁其出國(guó)之際煽動(dòng)民眾對(duì)越南人的仇恨,發(fā)動(dòng)游行示威,襲擊北越駐柬埔寨大使館。接著又對(duì)西哈努克縱容北越人侵犯柬埔寨領(lǐng)土的行為進(jìn)行批判,混淆民眾的視聽。 朗諾政變發(fā)生在3月18日那一天,但其策劃和實(shí)施卻經(jīng)歷了漫長(zhǎng)的歲月。其中包含著兩個(gè)軍人政治家一步步實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)的野心。這一歷史事件改變了當(dāng)時(shí)的局勢(shì),使得這個(gè)本來可以平靜的生存的國(guó)家在政變之后經(jīng)歷了無數(shù)的腥風(fēng)血雨。 美國(guó)方面,1969年,深陷越南戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)的美國(guó)政府正準(zhǔn)備從越南戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)脫身,制定撤軍計(jì)劃的同時(shí)也想加快其越南化計(jì)劃的實(shí)現(xiàn),柬埔寨是其越南化計(jì)劃中重要的一環(huán)。美國(guó)雖然對(duì)西哈努克放任北越在其境內(nèi)擁有庇護(hù)所和供給線而對(duì)南越造成威脅不滿,但西哈努克也默許美國(guó)在其境內(nèi)對(duì)這些庇護(hù)所進(jìn)行秘密轟炸。這雖然阻礙了美國(guó)“越南化”的進(jìn)程,但中立的柬埔寨畢竟也不會(huì)倒向共產(chǎn)主義國(guó)家,局勢(shì)基本可以保持平衡。 1970年發(fā)生的朗諾政變徹底打亂了美國(guó)的撤軍計(jì)劃。雖然中立的西哈努克被推翻了,但是明顯親美的朗諾建立的政權(quán)卻讓尼克松顯得非常興奮,他想通過援助朗諾打擊在柬埔寨境內(nèi)的北越庇護(hù)所而加快“越南化”計(jì)劃的進(jìn)程。但援助朗諾就勢(shì)必會(huì)讓美國(guó)抽身越南的計(jì)劃延遲并加重美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)民眾的抗議。尼克松因而決定在表面上宣稱要尊重柬埔寨中立立場(chǎng)的同時(shí)對(duì)柬埔寨秘密進(jìn)行軍事和經(jīng)濟(jì)援助。 但事態(tài)的發(fā)展遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了美國(guó)援助的腳步,北越和越共打著要讓西哈努克重新執(zhí)政的旗號(hào)開始從邊境縱深進(jìn)入柬埔寨,切斷了通往首都金邊的各主要通道,孤立金邊。缺少武器彈藥和訓(xùn)練的柬埔寨軍隊(duì)根本不是北越軍的對(duì)手,節(jié)節(jié)敗退,朗諾政權(quán)隨時(shí)有被推翻的可能。尼克松此時(shí)的心情沉重又復(fù)雜,他既不愿看到朗諾政權(quán)被推翻后柬埔寨成為了一個(gè)親共的政權(quán),使得南越政權(quán)更加難以生存；又不愿因?yàn)閲?guó)務(wù)院和國(guó)防部以及美國(guó)民眾想要美國(guó)盡快從越南戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)撤出而對(duì)朗諾政權(quán)的現(xiàn)狀置之不理。 于是,尼克松做了一個(gè)大膽的抉擇,不但要在軍事和經(jīng)濟(jì)上繼續(xù)援助朗諾,而且要出兵柬埔寨摧毀北越在柬境內(nèi)的庇護(hù)所和供給線,這遭到了美國(guó)政府內(nèi)部官員的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)。但心意己決的尼克松不顧眾人反對(duì),毅然決然的要出兵柬埔寨。從最初的讓南越出動(dòng)地面部隊(duì),美國(guó)只在空中和炮火上進(jìn)行支援,到最后的美國(guó)和南越聯(lián)合出兵,這就把尼克松推到了風(fēng)口浪尖。 本文正文分為六部分： 緒論,闡述了選題意義和研究回顧。首先概述了柬埔寨的地理位置的重要性,朗諾政變對(duì)美國(guó)撤軍計(jì)劃的影響以及美國(guó)在朗諾政變中所扮演的角色。其次歸納和總結(jié)了相關(guān)的研究成果。 第一章,“尼克松同柬埔寨恢復(fù)外交關(guān)系”概述了朗諾政變之前的國(guó)際背景,美國(guó)同西哈努克政權(quán)的關(guān)系以及演變過程,對(duì)美國(guó)在政變前對(duì)柬埔寨的政策做了一個(gè)大至的回顧。 第二章,“推翻西哈努克政權(quán)與美國(guó)政府的關(guān)聯(lián)性及朗諾政變”主要探討了朗諾政變的策劃及形成過程,對(duì)政變中美國(guó)是否參與做了一定的分析和闡述,并引用多方觀點(diǎn),得出結(jié)論。接著詳細(xì)描述了朗諾發(fā)動(dòng)政變的過程以及結(jié)果。 第三章,“朗諾政變后美國(guó)對(duì)柬政策的演變”是文章的重點(diǎn),詳細(xì)描述和分析了朗諾政變后美國(guó)各方的反應(yīng),以及在經(jīng)歷重重策劃和各種矛盾沖突之后援助朗諾計(jì)劃的出臺(tái),分析了援助朗諾政府的必要性 第四章,“尼克松決定出兵柬埔寨及其后果”主要闡述了尼克松最后決定出兵柬埔寨的決策是如何一步步計(jì)劃并實(shí)施的,探討尼克松與基辛格同國(guó)會(huì)以及國(guó)防部等部門如何斡旋并在一致反對(duì)的情況下出兵柬埔寨。 結(jié)語(yǔ),探討了朗諾政變的影響和尼克松政策演變過程及后果的意義。
[Abstract]:The research of Kampuchea Nol coup before and after the evolution of the U.S. policy on Kampuchea is not only has academic value, but also has realistic significance. That was when the United States announced the end of the Vietnam War as soon as possible, and gradually realize the Vietnam plan on the occasion of the Indochina region, has an important geographical of Vietnamization, strategic and military significance to Kampuchea it happened. The lon Nol coup coup overthrew the neutral Sihanouk regime, established a pro american ranova regime. This event not only caused a great stir in the world, caused a great impact on the Vietnamese plans for the United States.
Ronald before the coup, the ruler of Kampuchea, Sihanouk in order to survive, to take the policy of neutrality, neither with western countries too close, not too near the Communist state. He first action against the United States and North Vietnam kept silent, but with the North Vietnamese in Kampuchea to expand the scope of activities, more civilians in Kampuchea seriously affected more, Sihanouk was unable to get rid of the border of the North Vietnamese army, with Kampuchea's economic stagnation, political crisis. Sihanouk's prestige has been greatly affected.
In 1969, Sihanouk in order to alleviate the domestic crisis, the reorganization of the government. The Ronald Sihanouk's nemesis and overweeningly ambitious application they served as prime minister and Deputy Prime Minister, started to get rid of the political, increasingly isolated. Sihanouk constant war on the border and domestic deep crisis let Sihanouk finally decided to leave for Moscow and Beijing to seek assistance. He helped persuade the North Vietnamese to leave Kampuchea. But before Sihanouk back to Moscow and Beijing to help the news. Premeditated Ronald and application of Mada will take advantage of the occasion to incite hatred of the Vietnamese people, demonstrations, attack the North Vietnamese Embassy in Kampuchea. Then on the North Sihanouk connivance the violation of Kampuchea's territorial behavior is critical, confuse the public hearing.
Ronald coup in March 18th that day, but the planning and implementation has experienced a long time. Including two military politicians a step by step to achieve their ambition. This historical event changed the situation, making the quiet life of the country has experienced countless reign of terror after the coup.
The United States, in 1969, the government of the United States bogged down in Vietnam is ready to get out from the Vietnam War, making withdrawal plan also to speed up the implementation of the plan of Vietnam, Kampuchea is an important part of the Vietnamization plan. Although the United States of North Vietnam have shelter and Sihanouk let supply line in its territory and a threat to South Vietnam unhappy, but Sihanouk also acquiesced in the territory of the United States Secret bombing of the shelters. Although this has hindered the process of "Vietnamization", but Kampuchea will also be neutral towards the Communist country, the situation can be basically balanced.
In 1970 the NOL coup completely disrupted the American withdrawal plan. Although the neutral Sihanouk was overthrown, but obviously the pro american ranova regime but let Nixon is very excited, he wanted to blow through the aid of Ronald in the territory of Kampuchea North shelter and accelerate the process of "Vietnamization" program. But the aid it Lenno will let the U.S. withdraw Vietnam plans to delay and increase the domestic protests. Nixon therefore decided on the surface vowed to respect the neutrality of Kampuchea, while the Kampuchea secret military and economic aid.
But the situation is far beyond the pace of aid, North Vietnam and the Viet Cong to reinstate Sihanouk banner started deep into Kampuchea from the border, cut off the main channel, leading to the capital Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh. The lack of isolation of weapons and ammunition and training of the Kampuchea army is not the PAVN opponent, retreat, Ronald the regime at any time possible to be overthrown. Nixon was anxious very much, he didn't want to see Ronald after the overthrow of Kampuchea became a pro communist regime, the South Vietnamese regime more difficult to survive; and not because of the State Department and the defense department and the American people want to withdraw from the war in Vietnam and the United States as soon as possible to ignore the status quo Lenno the regime.
浜庢槸,灝煎厠鏉懼仛浜?jiǎn)涓�涓ぇ鑳嗙殑鎶夋嫨,涓嶄絾瑕佸湪鍐涗簨鍜岀粡嫻庝笂緇х畫鎻村姪鏈楄,鑰屼笖瑕佸嚭鍏墊煬鍩斿鎽ф瘉鍖楄秺鍦ㄦ煬澧冨唴鐨勫簢鎶ゆ墍鍜屼緵緇欑嚎,榪欓伃鍒頒簡(jiǎn)緹庡浗鏀垮簻鍐呴儴瀹樺憳鐨勫己鐑堝弽瀵，

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