本文選題：民族分離主義　切入點(diǎn)：民族自決　出處：《中共中央黨校》2010年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束之后,人們并未得到渴望已久的和平。究其緣由,民族分離主義是引起世界不穩(wěn)定的主要原因之一。今天,從加拿大到英國(guó),從蘇丹到印尼,世界上有幾十個(gè)國(guó)家存在著民族分離主義運(yùn)動(dòng)。民族分離主義和恐怖主義的合流,加劇了世界的動(dòng)蕩。 為什么民族分離主義運(yùn)動(dòng)如此猖獗?這和民族主義理論有關(guān)。自從人類產(chǎn)生國(guó)家以來,國(guó)家的統(tǒng)治者就一直尋求其合法性的來源,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)其利益。于是,在東西方的歷史上,不約而同的有了君權(quán)神授的思想。在歐洲,由于教權(quán)和王權(quán)的不斷斗爭(zhēng),使得西方君權(quán)神授的思想基礎(chǔ)受到了削弱。資產(chǎn)階級(jí)以民族理論對(duì)抗君權(quán)神授思想。資產(chǎn)階級(jí)提出“民族自決、民族平等”等口號(hào),最終歐美確立了民族國(guó)家。經(jīng)過資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的革命和宣揚(yáng),“民族自決”和“一族一國(guó)論”成為每個(gè)民族試圖建立民族國(guó)家的思想淵源。本文著重分析了民族分離主義運(yùn)動(dòng)與民族自決之間的關(guān)系,指出民族自決思想的時(shí)代局限性;從國(guó)際法的角度論證了多民族國(guó)家內(nèi)的少數(shù)民族并非是自決的主體,以暴力和恐怖主義等為手段的分離運(yùn)動(dòng)也是違法國(guó)際法的;總結(jié)各國(guó)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn),自治是解決民族分離問題的有效方式之一。 第一章主要論述了民族分離主義的相關(guān)問題。首先,民族、民族主義、對(duì)分離主義概念的探討。學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)民族的定義從來沒有統(tǒng)一,民族一詞具有強(qiáng)烈的政治色彩,族群則是從文化意義上進(jìn)行定義的;其次,分析了民族分離主義興起的原因、特點(diǎn)和影響。 第二章主要論述了民族自決理論的發(fā)展和演變。首先,分析了列寧和威爾遜的民族自決思想;其次,分析了民族自決與二戰(zhàn)后的民族解放運(yùn)動(dòng)。在民族自決思想的影響下,廣大的亞非拉地區(qū)人民掀起了影響深遠(yuǎn)的反帝反殖運(yùn)動(dòng)。與此同時(shí),聯(lián)合國(guó)及一些國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)通過了一系列的決議、宣言等支持第三世界的民族自決;再次,民族自決的時(shí)代局限性。隨著殖民體系的解體,民族自決的破壞力也顯現(xiàn)出來了。新獨(dú)立國(guó)家的不同族群也尋求分離,西方國(guó)家的人民打出民族自決的旗幟。東西方國(guó)家不約而同的重新審視民族自決理論,不再認(rèn)為每個(gè)民族(族群)都有獨(dú)立建國(guó)的權(quán)力。冷戰(zhàn)后,民族分離主義分子也常常打著自由、民主、人權(quán)的幌子,吸引注意和尋求外援,這也說明民族自決理論風(fēng)光不再。 第三章主要論述了國(guó)際法上的自決權(quán)。首先分析了自決權(quán)是國(guó)際法的一項(xiàng)原則。自決權(quán)的內(nèi)涵不斷發(fā)展,不僅包括政治權(quán)利也包括經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化權(quán)利,但是不包括分離權(quán);其次,分析了國(guó)際法上自決權(quán)的主體。指出國(guó)際法上自決權(quán)的主體是殖民地人民、作為整體的人民或民族,而非一國(guó)之內(nèi)的族群、少數(shù)人或土著人等;最后,分析了實(shí)現(xiàn)自決權(quán)的手段和方式。在殖民解放運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期,通過戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)或武裝斗爭(zhēng)的方式是得到國(guó)際法肯定的。暴力和恐怖主義方式在當(dāng)今是不符合國(guó)際法精神的。采取公民投票的和平方式要符合國(guó)際法,要在聯(lián)合國(guó)等國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)的監(jiān)督之下,同時(shí)也要符合國(guó)內(nèi)法的相關(guān)規(guī)定。總之,民族分離主義運(yùn)動(dòng)以分離國(guó)家為目的,以暴力和恐怖主義為手段是不符合國(guó)際法精神的。 第四章主要論述了從自決到自治是民族分離主義問題的解決方式。首先分析自治和自決的相關(guān)問題,從自決到自治是歷史發(fā)展的趨勢(shì);其次,通過西班牙、印度尼西亞和中國(guó)的案例,說明自治解決民族問題的有效方式。通過自治可以緩和民族之間的矛盾,促進(jìn)民族和諧。反之,可能會(huì)增加民族隔閡,激化民族矛盾;最后,通過案例分析自治的價(jià)值。歷史上一些國(guó)家因?yàn)槿∠灾?引起國(guó)家的分裂,如埃塞俄比亞、南聯(lián)盟等。因此,自治雖然并非能徹底解決一切民族分離問題,但是自治在很大程度上能夠緩和民族矛盾,是當(dāng)今世界各國(guó)普遍采用的民族政策。
[Abstract]:After the end of the cold war, it has not been long for peace. The reason of ethnic separatism is one of the main reasons causing the instability of the world. Today, from Canada to England, from Sultan to Indonesia, there are dozens of countries there are ethnic separatist movement. The confluence of ethnic separatism and terrorism, exacerbated by the world unrest.
Why ethnic separatist movements are so rampant? And this is related to the nationalism theory. Since human beings have the source countries, the ruler of the state has been seeking its legitimacy, in order to achieve their interests. So, in the history of West and East invariably have the divine right of Kings thought. In Europe, due to the continuous struggle Magisterium and kingship that makes the ideological foundation of Western divine rights have been weakened. The bourgeoisie by ethnic theory against the thoughts of divine rights. The bourgeoisie proposed "national self-determination, equality of nationalities" and other slogans, and eventually established nation. After the bourgeois revolution and the advocate of "national self-determination" and "one country on each family has become people trying to establish the ideological origins of nation. This paper focuses on the analysis of the relationship between ethnic separatism and national self-determination, pointed out that the national self-determination thought The time limitation; from the perspective of international law in the national minority is not subject to the separation of self-determination, violence and terrorism as a means of violating international law; summarizes the experiences and lessons of autonomy is one of the effective ways to solve the problems of national separation.
The first chapter mainly discusses the related issues of national separatism. Firstly, ethnic nationalism, separatism, discussion of the concept. The academic circles have never unified definition of nation, national word has a strong political, ethnic groups is defined culturally; secondly, analyzes the causes of the rise of ethnic separatism. The characteristics and influence.
The second chapter mainly discusses the development and evolution of the theory of national self-determination. Firstly, the analysis of Lenin and Werwilson self-determination thought; secondly, analysis of national self-determination and the post war national liberation movement. In the influence of national self-determination under the majority of African people in the region have lifted far-reaching anti imperialist and anti colonialism movements. At the same time, the United Nations and some international institutions through a series of resolutions and declarations to support the third world national self-determination; thirdly, the time limitation of self-determination. With the disintegration of the colonial system, the destructive power of national self-determination also emerged. Different Zu Qun newly independent countries also seek the separation of people in the west play self-determination. Western countries to re-examine the theory of national self-determination, no longer think that each nation (Zu Qun) has the right for independence. After the cold war, ethnic separation It is also an indication that the theory of national self-determination is no longer in the front of freedom, democracy, and human rights, and to attract attention and seek foreign aid.
The third chapter mainly discusses the international law on the right of self-determination. Firstly, the right of self-determination is one of the principles of international law. The connotation of self-determination development, including not only the political rights as well as economic, social and cultural rights, but does not include the right to separation; secondly, analyzes the main body of international law on the right of self-determination is pointed. The subject of international law on the right of self-determination is the colonial people, as a whole people or nation, rather than within a country, ethnic minorities or indigenous people, etc.; finally, analyzes the means and methods to achieve self-determination. In the era of colonial liberation, through war or armed struggle is the way to get the international law sure. Violence and terrorism is not consistent with the spirit of international law at present. Take a referendum to comply with international law, to the supervision of the United Nations and other international institutions, but also to comply with the relevant rules of domestic Law In short, the national separatist movement aims at separating the state, and the means of violence and terrorism are not in accordance with the spirit of international law.
The fourth chapter mainly discusses from self-determination to autonomy of ethnic separatism problem. Firstly, analysis of issues related to autonomy and self-determination, from self-determination to autonomy is the trend of historical development; secondly, through Spain, Indonesia and Chinese case, effective way to solve the ethnic problems that autonomy. Through autonomy can alleviate contradictions between ethnic groups the promotion of national harmony. On the other hand, may increase the national estrangement, the intensification of ethnic conflicts; finally, through the case analysis of the value of autonomy. Some countries in history because of the abolition of autonomy, caused by the division of the country, such as Ethiopia, Yugoslavia. Therefore, although the autonomy can not solve all the problems of national separation, but autonomy can ease the national contradictions and is widely adopted by many countries in the world of national policy.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中共中央黨校
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：D562

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