【摘要】： 警察的武力使用權(quán)和武力行為問題,歷來是人們關(guān)注的問題,也是輿論、媒體所關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)問題,究其原因,不僅是因?yàn)楫?dāng)前法治化的進(jìn)程中人們的權(quán)利意識(shí)普遍提高,而且因?yàn)榫鞂?shí)施武力行為必然侵害相對(duì)人的人身權(quán)利,這種侵害可能造成的結(jié)果是什么呢?是造成相對(duì)人暫時(shí)痛苦、受傷、致殘甚至極端地——死亡。因此從限止公權(quán)力、保障公民私權(quán)利的角度出發(fā),必然要求對(duì)警察的武力使用權(quán)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格地限止,對(duì)警察武力行為進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格地規(guī)制,最小地使用武力。 誠然,警察在執(zhí)行公務(wù)活動(dòng)中為保護(hù)公眾利益免遭侵害或者使自身免遭不法侵襲時(shí),有權(quán)實(shí)施武力行為以制止和消除此種危險(xiǎn)狀態(tài),但武力行為必須是適度的和符合法定程序的。尤其是使用槍支這類致命性的高危武器時(shí),更應(yīng)當(dāng)嚴(yán)格地遵守法律的規(guī)定,需要警察即時(shí)判斷三個(gè)因素,一是警察對(duì)于實(shí)際發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)事態(tài)嚴(yán)重性程度的判斷,二是警察根據(jù)這種狀態(tài)選擇使用何種武力手段的判斷,三是采用相應(yīng)的武力手段后對(duì)相對(duì)人造成何種程度傷害的判斷。判別這三個(gè)因素對(duì)警察個(gè)體在執(zhí)行公務(wù)過程中的要求其實(shí)是相當(dāng)高的。而我國現(xiàn)有法律制度對(duì)警察使用武力的保障還很薄弱,法律規(guī)定還太過原則,不好操作。我國警察使用警械和武器的法律依據(jù)是《人民警察法》和《人民警察使用警械和武器條例》的有關(guān)規(guī)定,但法律的規(guī)定僅僅是原則性的,到了每一個(gè)具體情況需要人民警察區(qū)別情況對(duì)待,即根據(jù)上述的三個(gè)“變量”進(jìn)行具體情況具體分析。立法上的不足使得警察在實(shí)際工作中往往無所適從,要么在出現(xiàn)較輕微和一般危險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)時(shí)錯(cuò)誤地選擇高等級(jí)的武力行為手段,造成相對(duì)人受傷、致殘、死亡的結(jié)果,要么是出現(xiàn)了襲警等高危狀態(tài)而往往持“多一事不如少一事”的態(tài)度,不敢使用武力,導(dǎo)致警察受傷甚至犧牲。 由此可見,不當(dāng)?shù)厥褂梦淞?既會(huì)給人民群眾的生命安全帶來嚴(yán)重的威脅,也可能給人民警察造成傷害。警察應(yīng)當(dāng)是在確保公共利益的前提下,采用最小的武力來制服相對(duì)人。本論文試圖從分析我國警察武力行為的現(xiàn)狀角度入手,來探究警察行政執(zhí)法中最小使用武力原則的制度構(gòu)建問題,主要從以下幾個(gè)方面來闡述: 首先引言部分我是從發(fā)生在我國和英國的兩起警察使用武力的案例中提出問題:“警察在何種緊急狀態(tài)下可以動(dòng)用武力?”“可以動(dòng)用何種武力?”“動(dòng)用武力到何種程度?”這些問題的提出旨在引發(fā)對(duì)我國警察武力使用現(xiàn)有體制的思考,從而提出最小使用武力的規(guī)則應(yīng)當(dāng)在我國進(jìn)行構(gòu)建。 第一章圍繞警察行政行為中的特殊表現(xiàn)形式——武力行為進(jìn)行探究,對(duì)警察行政權(quán)、警察武力行為的概念和特征進(jìn)行了界定。 第二章主要是最小使用武力原則的規(guī)范與實(shí)證分析,論述了最小使用武力原則的定義、淵源及與其他法律原則之間的關(guān)系,從它的理論和法律淵源中可以看出,該原則與憲法的人權(quán)保障原則、行政法的法律優(yōu)位和保留原則、行政法的比例原則等都是一脈相承的,是警察動(dòng)用武力必須遵守的原則;同時(shí)從建立一支高素質(zhì)的警隊(duì)這個(gè)角度講,也需要把該原則納入教育培訓(xùn)的計(jì)劃,提高實(shí)戰(zhàn)中遵循該原則行事的技能。從而證明以最小使用武力的原則構(gòu)建我國警察使用武力制度是必要且可行的。 第三章談我國警察在實(shí)施武力行為時(shí)存在的問題及其嚴(yán)重的危害性,分析存在這些問題的原因——除了部分警察個(gè)體素質(zhì)、理念、知識(shí)、技能存在缺陷外,更為重要的原因是我國的警察武力使用制度構(gòu)建上存在問題,立法上太過原則化,不好操作,使得警察在執(zhí)行公務(wù)的過程中往往無所適從;執(zhí)法監(jiān)督不力,使得部分警察使用武力時(shí)猶如“脫韁的野馬”般肆無忌憚;警察管理體制落后,對(duì)警察不能進(jìn)行有針對(duì)性的培訓(xùn);執(zhí)法理念不端正,不以人為本等。 第四章是本文的重點(diǎn),主要是針對(duì)上述危害性極強(qiáng)的現(xiàn)狀,必須從司法認(rèn)識(shí)、立法、執(zhí)法、事后評(píng)價(jià)機(jī)制和被武力行為傷害的相對(duì)人的救濟(jì)制度等法律制度著手,構(gòu)建我國警察武力行為中最小武力原則的法律制度構(gòu)建問題。司法認(rèn)識(shí)上著重解決阻卻警察武力行為違法性的法律理論,警察武力行為的性質(zhì)不是正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)而是職務(wù)防衛(wèi),是一種職權(quán)行為。立法上要明確警察可以動(dòng)用武力的危急狀態(tài)的具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即“臨界點(diǎn)”問題和武力手段的選擇問題。執(zhí)法上要針對(duì)不同等次的危急狀態(tài)選擇不同等次的武力手段。事后評(píng)價(jià)是警察使用武力后的內(nèi)部報(bào)告與向法律監(jiān)督部門的報(bào)告問題。救濟(jì)制度是指要保障被侵害的相對(duì)人的司法救濟(jì)和訴訟的權(quán)利。
[Abstract]:The police's right to use force and the conduct of force have always been a matter of concern to people, and also a hot issue of public opinion and media. The reason is not only because people's awareness of rights has been generally raised in the process of the rule of law, but also because the police's conduct of force is bound to infringe on the personal rights of the counterpart, and this infringement is possible. What is the result? It causes temporary pain, injury, disability and even extreme death. Therefore, from the perspective of limiting public power and protecting the private rights of citizens, it is necessary to strictly restrict the use of force by the police, strictly regulate the use of force by the police and minimize the use of force.
It is true that the police have the right to carry out acts of force to stop and eliminate such dangerous conditions in order to protect the public interest from infringement or to protect themselves from unlawful attacks in the course of their official activities, but such acts must be appropriate and in accordance with legal procedures. In particular, the use of lethal and dangerous weapons such as firearms should be more stringent. Complying with the law requires the police to judge three factors immediately. One is the severity of the actual dangerous state of affairs. The other is the judgment of what kind of force the police choose to use according to the situation. The third is the judgment of the degree of injury to the relative person after using the corresponding means of force. However, the existing legal system in China still has a weak guarantee for the use of force by the police. The legal basis for the use of police equipment and weapons by the police in China is the People's Police Law and the People's Police Weapons Rules. However, the provisions of the law are only principled in nature, and each specific case requires the people's police to treat it differently, that is, to make a specific analysis according to the three "variables" mentioned above. In the state of state, the wrong choice of high-level means of force leads to injury, disability and death of the relative person, or the emergence of a high-risk state such as attacking the police, often holding the attitude of "more than less" and daring not use force, resulting in injury or even sacrifice of the police.
It can be seen that the improper use of force will not only pose a serious threat to the lives of the people, but also may cause harm to the people's police. The system construction of the principle of minimum use of force in police administrative law enforcement is expounded from the following aspects:
In the first part, I put forward the questions from two cases of police force in China and Britain: "What kind of emergency can the police use force?" "What kind of force can be used?" "To what extent can the force be used?" "The purpose of these questions is to initiate the existing system of police force in China. Therefore, the rule of minimum use of force should be constructed in China.
In the first chapter, the author explores the special form of the police administrative act-the act of force, and defines the concepts and characteristics of the police administrative power and the act of force.
The second chapter is mainly about the norm and empirical analysis of the principle of minimum use of force. It discusses the definition of the principle of minimum use of force, its origin and the relationship between it and other legal principles. From its theoretical and legal sources, we can see that the principle is related to the principle of human rights protection in the Constitution, the principle of legal priority and retention of administrative law, and the ratio of administrative law to administrative law. At the same time, from the point of view of establishing a high-quality police force, it is also necessary to incorporate the principle into the education and training program to improve the skills of following the principle in actual combat, thus proving that the principle of minimum use of force should be used to construct the police force in China. The system is necessary and feasible.
The third chapter talks about the problems and the serious harmfulness of the police force in our country, and analyzes the reasons for these problems - apart from the defects of some police individual qualities, ideas, knowledge and skills, the more important reason is that there are problems in the construction of the police force use system and the legislation is too principled. It is not easy to operate, so that the police are often at a loss in the course of executing their official duties; weak law enforcement supervision, making some police use force like "runaway wild horse" wanton; backward police management system, the police can not be targeted training; incorrect law enforcement concept, people-oriented and so on.
The fourth chapter is the focus of this article, mainly in view of the above-mentioned extremely harmful status quo, we must start from the judicial understanding, legislation, law enforcement, post-evaluation mechanism and the relative relief system of the injured by the acts of force, to build the legal system of the principle of minimum force in the act of police force in our country. It is an act of power and authority that the nature of police force is not legitimate defense but post defense. The specific criteria of the critical state in which police force can be used should be clearly defined in legislation, that is, the "critical point" problem and the choice of force means. Post-mortem evaluation is the problem of internal reporting and reporting to the legal supervision department after the police use of force. Relief system means to protect the infringed relative's judicial relief and litigation rights.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：D631.4;D922.14

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本文編號(hào)：2211331