【摘要】： 目的:判斷射擊距離是槍案檢驗(yàn)必須解決的重要問題之一,對(duì)于犯罪現(xiàn)場重建發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用。射擊距離的判斷主要是依賴于射入口周圍射擊殘留物(GSR)的量和分布。制式槍械及槍彈的品種規(guī)格是固定的,發(fā)射后GSR的分布和金屬成分的含量等也應(yīng)該基本一致,因此可以根據(jù)GSR來推斷射擊距離與槍彈類型。GSR的形成是底火和槍支材料在高溫高壓下,快速氣化壓縮,飛出槍管后迅速固化的結(jié)果。目前檢測GSR的方法很多,但由于其檢測的準(zhǔn)確性、靈敏度以及GSR形態(tài)觀察方面的缺陷而限制其應(yīng)用的范圍。掃描電鏡與X-ray能譜儀檢測聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,能在研究顯微形態(tài)的同時(shí),進(jìn)行成分分析,具有形態(tài)學(xué)和微量元素定量分析的雙重優(yōu)點(diǎn),從而增加了不同類型GSR分析的特異性,有利于對(duì)槍彈及其射擊距離的推斷。本研究旨在系統(tǒng)研究不同射擊距離下,GSR的分布情況,建立合適的GSR分布評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),運(yùn)用統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的方法,分析射擊距離與GSR顆粒量的分布關(guān)系,建立相應(yīng)的函數(shù)公式,為今后法醫(yī)檢驗(yàn)案件,判斷射擊距離提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。 方法:分別用5.4式手槍、7.9式輕型沖鋒槍以不同距離(5、10、15、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、120cm)在無風(fēng)的情況下,垂直于乳豬皮膚射擊后,以射入口邊緣為起點(diǎn),向外取半徑3cm范圍的皮膚制成電鏡標(biāo)本,用掃描電鏡觀察GSR并計(jì)數(shù)及能譜分析。根據(jù)不同距離和視野的評(píng)分情況,運(yùn)用統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)主成分分析和多元回歸原理,以SAS統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分析射擊距離與GSR分布的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,建立具有明確關(guān)系的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式。 結(jié)果:5.4式手槍、7.9式輕型沖鋒槍射出的GSR能譜分析,均可見含有鉛、銻、鋇等元素,兩者在元素種類上沒有差別。應(yīng)用SAS統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分別對(duì)5.4式手槍、7.9式輕型沖鋒槍實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行主成分回歸統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,得出回歸方程。從實(shí)際值和預(yù)計(jì)值間的差值變化表明,無論是5.4式手槍還是7.9式輕型沖鋒槍,其射擊距離和GSR顆粒之間總體表現(xiàn)為直線關(guān)系。 結(jié)論: 1. SEM/EDX檢測分析GSR,能夠用于5.4式手槍和7.9式輕型沖鋒槍射擊距離的判斷,并建立了判斷射擊距離的函數(shù)回歸方程,可運(yùn)用于實(shí)際檢案。2. SEM/EDX檢測分析GSR,不能用于發(fā)射同一類別子彈的不同槍支的鑒別。 目的:盡管我國政府對(duì)槍支的管理十分嚴(yán)格,但隨著我國對(duì)外開放程度的加大,走私和自制槍支不斷增多,因此.涉槍案件正在逐年增加。對(duì)于槍彈傷相關(guān)知識(shí)的研究目前并不少,但是專門針對(duì)槍彈傷損傷時(shí)間的研究尚沒有相關(guān)報(bào)道。本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用Northern Blot和Western Blot法,分別對(duì)MMP-1和MMP-3在皮膚槍彈傷后不同時(shí)間的mRNA和蛋白質(zhì)進(jìn)行定量分析,旨在研究槍彈傷后MMP-1和MMP-3隨時(shí)間變化的情況,以期為槍彈傷后的損傷時(shí)間判斷提供新依據(jù)。 方法:將重300g左右的實(shí)驗(yàn)大鼠隨機(jī)分為10組,即對(duì)照組和槍彈傷后0小時(shí)、1小時(shí)、3小時(shí)、6小時(shí)、12小時(shí)、18小時(shí)、24小時(shí)、48小時(shí)、72小時(shí)組,每組3只。槍彈傷的建模方法是用小口徑手槍近距離(距射擊部位5cm處)射擊實(shí)驗(yàn)大鼠后將其放回籠中,存活至限定時(shí)間后,沿距創(chuàng)緣0.5cm處取全層皮膚;而對(duì)照組不經(jīng)任何處理直接取材。取材后分別用Western Blot法和Northern Blot法對(duì)MMP-1和MMP-3進(jìn)行定量檢測。 結(jié)果:在所設(shè)的實(shí)驗(yàn)組內(nèi),Western Blot和Northern Blot兩種方法的結(jié)果相似,槍彈傷后即刻其表達(dá)就有增加,以后表達(dá)繼續(xù)升高,一直呈上升趨勢;而陰性對(duì)照組幾乎沒有表達(dá)。盡管MMP-1和MMP-3在體外可由許多種正常細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,但在正常休眠組織中其水平極低,一般難以檢測。在體內(nèi),MMP-1和MMP-3主要是生理和病理?xiàng)l件下,在組織生長和重構(gòu)期間表達(dá),廣泛發(fā)揮其生物學(xué)功能。這說明槍彈傷后即刻MMP-1和MMP-3就參加了損傷后組織的重構(gòu)。 結(jié)論:槍彈傷導(dǎo)致了MMP-1和MMP-3的表達(dá)增加,其增加的規(guī)律性可用于槍彈傷后損傷時(shí)間的推斷。
[Abstract]:Objective: to judge the shooting distance is one of the important problems that must be solved in the case of the gun case test. It plays a key role in the reconstruction of the crime scene. The judgement of the shooting distance is mainly dependent on the quantity and distribution of the shooting residue (GSR) around the entrance. The variety specifications of the firearms and the firearms are fixed, the distribution of the GSR after the launch and the metal composition after the firing are fixed. The content and so on should be basically consistent, so it is possible to deduce that the formation of the firing distance and the type.GSR of the bullet is the result of the rapid solidification of the bottom fire and the firearms under the high temperature and pressure, the rapid gasification compression and the flying out of the barrel. There are many methods to detect GSR at present, but because of its accuracy, sensitivity and observation of the shape of the GSR, the detection of GSR is very important. The joint application of scanning electron microscope and X-ray spectrometer can be used in the study of microscopic morphology and composition analysis, with the dual advantages of morphological and trace element quantitative analysis, which increases the specificity of different types of GSR analysis and is beneficial to infer the bullet and its shooting distance. The aim of this study is to systematically study the distribution of GSR under different shooting distances, establish a suitable standard for scoring of GSR distribution, and analyze the relationship between the firing distance and the distribution of GSR particles by statistical analysis, and establish a corresponding function formula to provide a scientific basis for the future forensic test cases and the judgement of shooting distance.
Methods: 5.4 type pistol and 7.9 type light submachine gun were used in different distance (5,10,15,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90120cm) in the case of no wind. After shooting the skin of the pig, the skin of the radius 3cm range was taken from the entrance edge as the starting point. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the GSR and the energy spectrum analysis. By using statistical principal component analysis and multiple regression principle, the corresponding relationship between shooting distance and GSR distribution is analyzed by SAS statistical software, and an empirical formula with definite relationship is established.
Results: the GSR spectrum analysis of the type 5.4 pistol and the 7.9 type light submachine gun was found to contain elements such as lead, antimony, barium and other elements. There was no difference between the two elements. The statistical software of the SAS statistical software was used to analyze the experimental data of the 5.4 type pistol and the 7.9 type light charge gun respectively, and the regression equation was obtained. From the actual value and the expected value, the regression equation was obtained. The variation of the difference shows that the shooting distance of the 5.4 pistol and 7.9 submachine gun has a linear relationship with the GSR particles.
Conclusion: 1. SEM/EDX detection and analysis GSR can be used to judge the shooting distance of 5.4 type pistol and 7.9 type light submachine gun, and the function regression equation is established to judge the shooting distance. It can be used for the actual detection of.2. SEM/EDX detection and analysis GSR, which can not be used to identify the different guns of the same category of bullets.
Objective: Although the government of our government is very strict in the management of firearms, with the increasing degree of opening to the outside world, smuggling and self-made guns are increasing, so the case of gun involved is increasing year by year. There is a lot of research on the related knowledge of gunshot wound, but there is no related report on the time of gunshot injury. The quantitative analysis of mRNA and protein of MMP-1 and MMP-3 at different time after gunshot wound of skin was carried out by Northern Blot and Western Blot method. The aim of this study was to study the change of MMP-1 and MMP-3 with time after gunshot wound, in order to provide a new basis for judging the damage time after gunshot wound.
Methods: the experimental rats weighing about 300g were randomly divided into 10 groups, namely, the control group and the gunshot wound 0 hours, 1 hours, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, each group 3. The modeling method of gunshot wound was to use the small caliber pistol near distance (distance from the shooting location 5cm) to shoot the rats and survive the cage and survived the cage and survived the cage and survived the cage and survived the cage and survived the cage and survived the cage and survived the cage and survived the cage and survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage and survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, surviving. Survival After limited time, the whole layer of skin was taken along the margin of 0.5cm, while the control group was obtained without any treatment. The quantitative detection of MMP-1 and MMP-3 was carried out by Western Blot method and Northern Blot method respectively.
Results: in the experimental group, the results of the two methods of Western Blot and Northern Blot were similar. The expression of the bullet increased immediately after the bullet wound, and the expression continued to rise, and the negative control group had been increasing, while the negative control group had almost no expression. Although MMP-1 and MMP-3 could be produced by many normal cells in vitro, but in normal dormancy tissue. In the body, MMP-1 and MMP-3 are mainly expressed in the physiological and pathological conditions and are expressed during tissue growth and reconstruction, and their biological functions are widely used. This shows that immediately after the bullet wound, MMP-1 and MMP-3 have participated in the reconstruction of tissue after injury.
Conclusion: gunshot wound has increased the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3, and the regularity of its increase can be used to deduce the time of injury after gunshot wound.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：D919

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