本文選題：罪過 + 基本��； 參考：《西南政法大學(xué)》2008年博士論文

【摘要】： 犯罪同人類的其他活動一樣,都是人類改造世界滿足自身需要的實踐活動,刑法學(xué)關(guān)于犯罪的研究應(yīng)當(dāng)以人類一般實踐活動的基本原理為指導(dǎo)。 本文從馬克思主義的主體性理論出發(fā),認(rèn)為犯罪不僅僅是客觀的事實性存在,它更是行為人滿足自身需要的一種價值活動,是客觀性和能動性、事實性和價值性的統(tǒng)一,犯罪的事實性內(nèi)在于價值性當(dāng)中,是屬人的事實,價值才是事實的靈魂,能動性才是客觀性的本質(zhì)。犯罪的事實性只能放在價值結(jié)構(gòu)的系統(tǒng)中理解,放在對人的關(guān)系和意義中來說明。 人的行為總是在一定的思想支配下進(jìn)行的,犯罪就是在罪過的支配下實施的。正是罪過將實施犯罪的行為人與犯罪連結(jié)起來。犯罪是主觀見之于客觀的行為,是行為人的自我確證,就是指犯罪是行為人主觀罪過的實現(xiàn),正是罪過賦予了犯罪行為的能動性和價值性。因為有了罪過,犯罪行為才能夠歸屬于行為人,成為其“自己”的行為;因為有了罪過,犯罪行為才具有了反社會的性質(zhì),為國家整體法秩序所否定;因為有了罪過,作為一種社會行為的犯罪才與純粹外在于人的自然事實不同,不能通過精確的自然科學(xué)的公式進(jìn)行說明,而必須通過神入式的理解,認(rèn)知其價值意義。對行為人與客觀危害行為及其后果之間純因果性的說明,只是刑法的基礎(chǔ)性工作,在此基礎(chǔ)上對危害行為及其后果意義的理解,也就是對罪過的理解,才是刑法關(guān)注的核心和焦點。 作為支配行為人選擇和實施犯罪的心理過程,罪過包括行為人對其所實施的客觀的危害行為本身的態(tài)度和通過這種行為體現(xiàn)出的行為人對整體法秩序的態(tài)度。罪過既是一個事實結(jié)構(gòu),也是一個價值結(jié)構(gòu)。同人類一般行為的心理過程一樣,罪過包括認(rèn)識、情感和意志三方面的因素。認(rèn)識和意志都具有一定的實體性,即都能夠通過一定的形式表現(xiàn)出來,而情感則是更為主觀的一種精神體驗,往往沒有比較固定的表現(xiàn)形式,其價值通過對認(rèn)識和意志的影響而得以體現(xiàn)。因此,認(rèn)識因素和意志因素是罪過的基本因素。作為一種事實性存在,罪過的認(rèn)識因素和意志因素分別包括行為人對其實施的危害事實的認(rèn)識和意志;作為一種價值現(xiàn)象,罪過的認(rèn)識因素和意志因素分別包括行為人對違法性的認(rèn)識和違法的意志。罪過的認(rèn)識因素意味著犯罪人認(rèn)識到了自身處于匱乏狀態(tài),需要尚沒有得到滿足,自己采取怎樣的手段來改善這種狀態(tài),滿足自身需要,以及這種手段將會導(dǎo)致什么樣的自然結(jié)果,同時也認(rèn)識到了這樣的手段是為國家法秩序所否定和不能容忍的,情感因素反映了犯罪人對現(xiàn)實狀況的不滿的態(tài)度,而意志因素則意味著犯罪人能夠在法秩序所允許和容忍的范圍內(nèi),采取行動,改善現(xiàn)實狀況,滿足自身需要,而他卻自愿選擇了法秩序所否定和不能容忍的手段,在本質(zhì)上行為人與刑法所保護(hù)的價值或者利益相對立的心理態(tài)度。人的使命不僅在于認(rèn)識世界,更在于改造世界。罪過的認(rèn)識因素和情感因素都屬于認(rèn)識世界的范疇,都表現(xiàn)為相對靜止的狀態(tài),意志屬于改造世界的范疇,表現(xiàn)形式相對活躍。意志活動不僅是一種觀念性的活動,更總是意向地為人們指出要追求什么,并進(jìn)而要通過調(diào)控人們的對象性活動來實現(xiàn)既定價值目標(biāo),使自身得到外化、對象化,表現(xiàn)為一種行為,沒有意志的行為是盲目的、缺乏方向感,從根本上講不能稱之為人的行為;沒有表現(xiàn)為行為的意志則是虛無縹緲和蒼白無力的,從根本上講不能叫做意志。在認(rèn)識因素和意志因素當(dāng)中,意志因素決定著罪過的本質(zhì),也決定了罪過是觀念性和行為性的統(tǒng)一體。罪過總是要體現(xiàn)在一定的犯罪行為當(dāng)中,而犯罪也一定是罪過支配下的犯罪,脫離犯罪行為的罪過和脫離罪過的犯罪行為都是不可理解的。 罪過的意志因素包括對事實的意志和違法的意志,對事實的意志承載著違法意志,違法意志寓于對事實的意志當(dāng)中。犯罪是是反社會的行為,是孤立的個人反對統(tǒng)治關(guān)系的斗爭,是蔑視社會秩序的最明顯最極端的表現(xiàn),刑罰不外是社會對付違犯它的生存條件的行為的一種自衛(wèi)手段。但無論“統(tǒng)治關(guān)系”、“社會”還是“國家”都只能通過法規(guī)范、法秩序的形式體現(xiàn)出來,犯罪的反社會、反國家、反統(tǒng)治關(guān)系,總是表現(xiàn)為反法規(guī)范、法秩序。也正因為如此,行為人的違法意志集中體現(xiàn)其犯罪的本質(zhì)。 正因為犯罪是犯罪人的自我確證,罪過是犯罪人在犯罪中的體現(xiàn),罪過及其實現(xiàn)程度對一個行為的刑法意義起決定作用,它不僅決定罪與非罪,也決定此罪與彼罪、重罪與輕罪、犯罪的形態(tài),也是對犯罪人裁量刑罰的內(nèi)在依據(jù),并對刑罰的執(zhí)行有著重要的影響。因此,罪過原則是貫穿犯罪、刑事責(zé)任和刑罰的一個基本原則,在刑法當(dāng)中具有全局性和根本性。刑法學(xué)界倡導(dǎo)的主客觀相統(tǒng)一原則解決了犯罪是主客觀因素的結(jié)合,任何僅憑主觀因素和客觀因素定罪量刑的觀點都是片面的、錯誤的。但是,主客觀相統(tǒng)一原則始終沒有解決主客觀相統(tǒng)一的方式問題,就是誰統(tǒng)一誰,誰是核心,誰是靈魂,誰是本質(zhì)的問題,始終沒有得到解決。罪過原則在堅持認(rèn)為犯罪是主客觀因素相統(tǒng)一的原則下,以犯罪的客觀性、事實性是基礎(chǔ),價值性、能動性是本質(zhì)的理論為基礎(chǔ),主張主客觀相統(tǒng)一應(yīng)是主觀統(tǒng)一客觀,罪過統(tǒng)一行為,提出罪過原則應(yīng)當(dāng)成為刑法的基本原則。 罪過一方面是觀念性的存在,表現(xiàn)為犯罪人內(nèi)在的心理過程;另一方面也是一種事實性存在,表現(xiàn)為客觀的犯罪行為。因此,在司法實踐中對罪過的認(rèn)定主要有兩種方法,一是審查判斷被告人、犯罪嫌疑人的口供,二是通過事實推定的方式確定罪過。在現(xiàn)實的司法實踐中,著眼于犯罪的客觀表現(xiàn)及其危害后果,對被告人、嫌疑人進(jìn)行客觀歸罪的現(xiàn)象比較普遍地存在。究其原因,一是因為長期以來,傳統(tǒng)的刑法理論主流觀點認(rèn)為犯罪的本質(zhì)特征是嚴(yán)重的社會危害性,不適當(dāng)?shù)亟档土俗镞^在犯罪構(gòu)成中的核心地位;二是認(rèn)為罪過是主觀態(tài)度存在于行為人內(nèi)心,難以認(rèn)知、難以查明的思想廣泛存在,導(dǎo)致司法人員對于罪過望而生畏;三是刑法學(xué)對罪過的研究本身沒有能夠為正確認(rèn)定罪過提供技術(shù)支持。
[Abstract]:Like other human activities, crime is the practice of human transformation to meet the needs of the world. The study of crime in criminal law should be guided by the basic principles of human general practice.
On the basis of the subjectivity theory of Marx's doctrine, this article thinks that crime is not only an objective fact, but also a kind of value activity that the actor satisfies the needs of his own. It is the unity of objectivity and activism, the fact and the value, the factual nature of the crime is the fact of the human being, and the value is the spirit of the fact. Soul, initiative is the essence of objectivity. The facticity of crime can only be understood in the system of value structure, and it can be explained in the relationship and meaning of human beings.
Human behavior is always carried out under the control of a certain thought. Crime is carried out under the control of a crime. It is the perpetrator of crime that connects the perpetrator with the crime. The crime is the subjective behavior, the self confirmation of the perpetrator, that is, the crime is the realization of the subjective guilt. It is the crime endowed with the crime. The activity and value of the criminal act. Because of the crime, the criminal act can belong to the actor and become his "own" behavior. Because of the crime, the criminal act has the nature of the antisocial and the whole law order of the state, because there is a crime and the crime of being a social act is purely outside the person. Different natural facts can not be explained by the exact natural science formula, but the value meaning must be recognized through the divine understanding. The explanation of the pure causality between the perpetrator and the objective harm behavior and its consequences is only the basic work of the criminal law, and on this basis, the understanding of the harm behavior and its consequences is also understood. It is the understanding of crime that is the core and focus of criminal law.
As the psychological process of selecting and implementing a crime by the perpetrator, the crime includes the attitude of the perpetrator to the objective harmfulness of the act itself and the attitude of the actor to the overall legal order embodied by the act. The crime is both a fact structure and a value structure. Crime includes three aspects of cognition, emotion and will. Both knowledge and will have a certain entity, that is, it can be expressed in a certain form, and the emotion is a more subjective mental experience, often without a relatively fixed form of expression, and its value is embodied by the influence of knowledge and will. The cognitive and willpower factors are the basic factors of the crime. As a factual existence, the cognitive and will factors of the crime include the cognition and will of the perpetrator to the fact that they are harmful. As a kind of value phenomenon, the cognitive and will factors of the crime include the behavior man's understanding of the illegality and the violation of the law, respectively. Will. The understanding of the crime means that the offender recognizes that it is in a state of lack, that it needs not to be satisfied, and what means to improve it, to meet its own needs, and what kind of natural results this means will lead to, and to realize that such a means is the order of the national law. The emotional factors reflect the offender's dissatisfaction with the reality, and the will factor means that the perpetrator can take action, improve the reality and meet its own needs within the scope of the law order and tolerance, while he voluntarily chooses the means that the law order denies and intolerances, in essence. The psychological attitude of the perpetrator and the value or interest protected by the criminal law. The mission of man is not only to know the world, but also to remould the world. All the cognitive and emotional factors of the crime belong to the category of the world, all of which are relatively static. The will belongs to the category of the transformation of the world and the form of expression is relatively active. It is not only a kind of ideological activity, but also the intention to point out what to pursue, and then to realize the established value goal by regulating the object activity of the people, and make itself externalized, objectified and acting as a kind of behavior. The act of no will is blind, lack of sense of direction, and can not be called fundamentally. It is human behavior; the will, which is not shown as the act, is illusory and feeble. It is fundamentally not called will. Among the factors of knowledge and will, the will factor determines the essence of the sin and the unity of the sense and the behavior of the crime. The sin is always reflected in the certain criminal act, Crime must also be a crime under the control of a crime. It is incomprehensible to offend from a crime and to commit a crime away from a crime.
The will factors of a crime include the will of the facts and the will of the law, the will of the fact, the will of the law, the will in the will of the fact. The crime is a anti social act, the struggle against the rule of the rule of the isolated individual, the most obvious and most extreme manifestation of the disdain of the social order, and the punishment not outside the society. No matter "ruling relations", "society" or "state" can only be embodied in the form of legal norms and law order, the anti social, anti state, and anti rule relations of the crime are always manifested by the anti law norms and the law order. Centralization embodies the essence of its crime.
Because the crime is the self confirmation of the perpetrator, the crime is the embodiment of the criminal in the crime. The crime and the degree of its realization play a decisive role in the criminal law of an act. It not only determines the crime and the non crime, but also determines the crime and the crime, the form of the felony and the misdemeanor, the form of the crime, and the punishment. It has an important influence. Therefore, the principle of crime is a basic principle that runs through crime, criminal responsibility and punishment. It has the overall and fundamental nature in the criminal law. The principle of unity of subjective and objective concept advocated by the criminal law academia resolves the combination of the subjective and objective factors of crime and the point of conviction for any punishment only by subjective and objective factors. It is one-sided and wrong. However, the principle of unity of subjective and objective view has never solved the problem of unity of subjective and objective view. It is who is unified, who is the core, who is the soul, who is the essence of the problem, and has never been solved. The principle of crime is that crime is the principle of unification of the subjective and objective factors and the objectivity of the crime. Reality is the basis of foundation, value and activity is the essence of the theory. It is advocated that the unity of subjective and objective should be subjective and objective, the unity of crime and the principle of crime should be the basic principle of criminal law.
On the one hand, the crime is the existence of the concept, which is manifested as the inner psychological process of the criminal; on the other hand, it is a factual existence and is an objective criminal act. Therefore, there are two main ways to identify the crime in judicial practice, one is to examine and judge the accused, the confession of the criminal suspect, and the two is the way of fact presumption. In the actual judicial practice, in view of the objective manifestation of the crime and its harmful consequences, the phenomenon of the objective guilt of the accused and the suspect exists generally. The reason is that, for a long time, the traditional mainstream view of the criminal law holds that the essential characteristics of the crime are serious social harmfulness and inappropriate. The core position of crime in the constitution of crime is reduced; two is that the subjective attitude of the crime is that the subjective attitude exists in the inner of the perpetrator, it is difficult to recognize, and it is difficult to find out the widespread existence of the thought, which causes the judiciary to be afraid of the crime, and the three is that the study of the crime in the criminal law does not provide technical support for the correct identification of the crime.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：D914;D917

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

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1 鄧多文;論刑法的合理性解釋[D];西南政法大學(xué);2010年

2 蘇雄華;犯罪過失的理論建構(gòu)[D];西南政法大學(xué);2011年

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1 王增波;非法經(jīng)營罪主觀方面的基本問題[D];山東大學(xué);2011年

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本文編號：1953019