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  本文選題：刑事被害人　切入點：犯罪本質(zhì)　出處：《山東大學》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：歷史上,被害人曾處于刑事司法制度的主導地位,能夠較大程度上影響刑事司法程序的全進程。但是隨著“無罪推定”“罪刑法定”等西方現(xiàn)代刑事司法哲學的建立,國家接管了犯罪的懲罰權(quán)。整個刑事司法制度以犯罪嫌疑人、被告人為中心,重在保障他們的權(quán)利,以達到與國家公訴平等武裝的目的。被害人逐步退出了刑事訴訟的舞臺,甚至訴訟邊緣化、工具化,被害人似乎成了現(xiàn)代司法體制的“棄兒”。 上世紀60、70年代西方被害人保護運動風起云涌,在法律制度比較成熟的西方國家,如美國、英國、德國等,對刑事被害人的保護從程序內(nèi)到程序外已經(jīng)形成了一套較為完善的體系,并且隨著傳統(tǒng)刑事司法體制弊端的凸顯,恢復性司法理念已經(jīng)在刑事司法界占據(jù)一席之地,并對傳統(tǒng)理念產(chǎn)生了強烈沖擊。在我國,1996年的《中華人民共和國刑事訴訟法》明確規(guī)定了被害人的當事人地位,2013年1月1日即將施行的新修訂的《刑事訴訟法》也將刑事和解予以合法化,被害人在訴訟中的積極作用開始顯現(xiàn)。然而,被害人保護形勢依然嚴峻,被害人的當事人地位有名不副實之嫌。當今社會,犯罪高發(fā),被害人數(shù)量激增,如果被害人權(quán)利虛化問題長期得不到有效解決,勢必動搖這一人群乃至整個國民對法律的信仰和信心。因此,被害人保護問題不容小覷。 我國法學理論界和司法實務(wù)部門的很多法律人已經(jīng)積極投入到被害人保護的理論研究和司法實踐中,取得了卓有成效的成果。然而,對被害人的保護還遠遠不夠,被害人仍然游離于自己的訴訟之外,被動的接受最終的結(jié)果,被犯罪侵害的權(quán)益得不到及時、有效的修復。被害人保護長期得不到重視甚至漠視的原因究竟何在?筆者以西方被害人保護運動取得的成果為線索,以知情權(quán)這一基礎(chǔ)性權(quán)利為例,論述了我國被害人權(quán)利的尷尬現(xiàn)狀,并通過反思、質(zhì)疑現(xiàn)代刑事司法制度中的基本理念,以期找出被害人保護不力的深層次原因。筆者認為,犯罪侵害的是實實在在存在的被害人的利益,國家是被害人只是一種法律的擬制,建立在“國家是被害人”此種假設(shè)之上的國家追訴制度的合理性也存在問題,不能否認國家追訴的進步意義,但是,國家公訴的介入必須適當,國家利益不能掩蓋被害人的個體利益。筆者就如何走出被害人保護的困境做了初步設(shè)想,并認為被害人將會重新站上刑事訴訟的歷史舞臺,在其中發(fā)揮重要作用。
[Abstract]:Historically, the victim was in the dominant position of the criminal justice system, which can influence the whole process of the criminal justice procedure to a great extent.However, with the establishment of modern western criminal judicial philosophy, such as presumption of innocence and legality of crime, the state took over the right to punish crime.The whole criminal justice system focuses on the criminal suspects and defendants, focusing on the protection of their rights, in order to achieve the goal of equality with the national prosecution.Victims gradually withdraw from the stage of criminal proceedings, even marginalize the proceedings, instrumentalization, victims seem to become the modern judicial system of "abandoned children."In the 1960s and 1970s, the Western victim protection movement surged, and in western countries with relatively mature legal systems, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and so on,The protection of criminal victims has formed a relatively perfect system from the inside of the procedure to outside the procedure, and with the malpractice of the traditional criminal justice system highlighted, the concept of restorative justice has occupied a place in the criminal justice field.And has produced the strong impact to the traditional idea.In our country, the Criminal procedure Law of the people's Republic of China of 1996 clearly stipulates the status of the victim as a party, and the newly revised Criminal procedure Law, to be implemented on 1 January 2013, also legalizes criminal reconciliation.The positive role of the victim in the lawsuit began to appear.However, the victim protection situation is still grim, the victim's party status is not worthy of the name.In today's society, crime is high and the number of victims is soaring. If the problem of the victims' rights is not effectively solved for a long time, it will certainly shake the faith and confidence of the people and even the whole people in the law.Therefore, the protection of victims should not be underestimated.In our country, many legal people in the field of legal theory and judicial practice have been actively engaged in the theoretical research and judicial practice of victim protection, and have achieved fruitful results.However, the protection of the victims is far from enough, the victims are still free from their own litigation, passively accept the final results, the rights and interests infringed by the crime can not be timely, effective repair.What is the reason why the victim protection has not been paid attention to or even ignored for a long time?Taking the achievement of the western victim protection movement as the clue, taking the right to know as an example, the author discusses the embarrassing situation of the victim's right in our country, and questions the basic idea of the modern criminal justice system through reflection.In order to find out the deep reasons for the weak protection of victims.The author believes that crime infringes on the interests of the victims, that the state is the victim is only a legal fiction, and that the rationality of the national prosecution system, which is based on the assumption that "the state is the victim", is also problematic.The progressive significance of state prosecution cannot be denied, but the intervention of state prosecution must be appropriate, and the national interest cannot conceal the individual interests of the victim.The author makes a tentative plan on how to get out of the plight of victim protection, and thinks that the victim will stand on the historical stage of criminal procedure again and play an important role in it.
【學位授予單位】：山東大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D925.2;D917.9

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本文編號：1726711