水稻是中國最主要的糧食作物之一,每年可生產(chǎn)大量秸稈材料,為生物能源和生物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)提供充足原料。植物細胞壁主要由纖維素,半纖維素和木質(zhì)素組成,對植物形態(tài)發(fā)育、碳水化合成代謝和對外部環(huán)境應(yīng)答等起著非常重要作用。植物生物質(zhì)和組成受到環(huán)境因素如光照、水和土壤營養(yǎng)影響。在土壤營養(yǎng)中氮肥是最常見的肥料用來促進農(nóng)作物生長、發(fā)育和提高種子產(chǎn)量。氮元素是植物正常生長的必需元素,是植物體內(nèi)蛋白質(zhì)和葉綠素的主要組分,因此會影響作物的生長和產(chǎn)量。盡管業(yè)已證明氮肥可以提高水稻種子和秸稈生物質(zhì)產(chǎn)量,但對水稻秸稈細胞壁組分和生物質(zhì)降解效率的影響尚未報導。本研究對兩個水稻栽培品種施加了7種氮肥處理,觀察了主要農(nóng)藝性狀,測定了秸稈細胞壁組成與結(jié)構(gòu),并分析了不同預(yù)處理條件下生物質(zhì)酶解產(chǎn)糖效率和乙醇產(chǎn)量。對比實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),兩個水稻品種在施加了7種氮肥處理后,其種子和秸稈生物質(zhì)產(chǎn)量相對于空白對照都有大幅度提高。同時,氮肥處理后秸稈細胞壁中的纖維素含量大幅提高,硅元素含量顯著降低,而在不同濃度氮肥處理材料間的半纖維素和木質(zhì)素的相對含量存在差異。在不同酸堿預(yù)處理（Na OH,Ca O,H2SO4）和物理預(yù)處理（熱水）條件下,施加... 

【文章來源】：華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學湖北省 211工程院校 教育部直屬院校

【文章頁數(shù)】：117 頁

【學位級別】：博士

【文章目錄】：
摘要
Abstract
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
    1.1 Lignocellulosic biomass
    1.2 Major problems in biomass conversion to ethanol
        1.2.1 Harvesting and storage
        1.2.2 Biomass pretreatment
        1.2.3 Cellulase cost
        1.2.4 Ethanol fermentation
    1.3 Plant cell wall composition
        1.3.1 Cellulose
        1.3.2 Hemicelluloses
        1.3.3 Lignin
        1.3.4 Other compounds: pectins, silica and proteins
    1.4 Plant cell wall features
        1.4.1 Cellulose crystallinity
        1.4.2 Degree of polymerization (DP)
        1.4.3 Hemicellulose monosaccharide (Xyl/Ara)
        1.4.4 Lignin monomer (H,G,S)
    1.5 Pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials
        1.5.1 Physical pretreatments
        1.5.2 Chemical pretreatments
    1.6 Enzymatic hydrolysis of Lignocellulose
    1.7 Bioethanol fermentation
    1.8 Role of nitrogen in plant nutrition
    1.9 Effects of timing of nitrogen fertilizer application on crop production
    1.10 Nitrogen fertilizer effects on rice crop in china
    1.11 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on cell wall composition
    1.12 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on biomass digestibility
    1.13 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on cellulosic ethanol production
    1.14 Objectives of this study
2 Materials and Methods
    2.1 Materials
    2.2 The main instruments and reagents
    2.3 Methods
        2.3.1 Agronomic data collection and measurements;
        2.3.2 Extraction and determination of cell wall polysaccharides
        2.3.3 Lignin determination process
        2.3.4 Colorimetric determination of hexose and pentose
        2.3.5 Measurement of silica content;
        2.3.6 Lignin monomer determination by HPLC
        2.3.7 Hemicelluloses monosaccharide determination by GC-MS
        2.3.8 Determination of cellulose crystallinity
        2.3.9 Determination of the cellulose degree of polymerization (DP)
        2.3.10 Biomass pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis
        2.3.11 Determination of ethanol production
        2.3.12 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
    3.1 Improved agronomic traits under nitrogen treatments
    3.2 Linear regression of total nitrogen with agronomic traits
    3.3 Biomass production and agronomic traits
    3.4 Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on cell wall composition and silica content in rice straw
    3.5 Linear regression of total nitrogen with cell wall composition and silica content
    3.6 Nitrogen fertilizer effects on cell wall features
    3.7 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on cellulose crystallinity and polymerization degree
    3.8 Plant cell wall polymer and features affecting biomass production
    3.9 Biomass digestibility increased under nitrogen treatment
    3.10 Silica content and cellulose crystallinity affect biomass digestibility
    3.11 Ethanol production under nitrogen fertilizer
    3.12 Mechanism of nitrogen fertilizer enhancements on biomass saccharification
4 Discussions
5 Conclusion
6 Summary and future prospects
    6.1 Summary
    6.2 Future Prospects
References
Appendix 1. The reagent formulation
Appendix 2. Standard curve
Appendix 3. Profile
Acknowledgement



本文編號：3187891