發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-04-11 02:20

  本文選題：滇東南 + 巖溶山區(qū)�。� 參考：《昆明理工大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：滇東南地區(qū)位于云南省東南部,屬典型巖溶山區(qū)。區(qū)內(nèi)碳酸鹽巖大面積出露,在獨(dú)特的地球化學(xué)作用下,喀斯特地貌廣泛發(fā)育。由于喀斯特成土過程緩慢,土層貧瘠,分布不連續(xù),且受喀斯特二元地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,保水能力低下,石漠化現(xiàn)象十分普遍。加之巖溶生態(tài)系統(tǒng)變易敏感度高,災(zāi)變承受能力低,環(huán)境容量小,生態(tài)環(huán)境極其脆弱。滇東南地區(qū)是云南省重要的傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū),土地面積僅占6%的壩區(qū)集中了2/3的人口和1/3的耕地,但水資源量僅占5%,水土資源空間分布不均。長期以來,由于土地資源的有限性與掠奪式開發(fā)利用,使得巖溶區(qū)上覆植被被嚴(yán)重破壞,快速的水土流失很快使下伏的基巖直接暴露地表,石漠化迅速蔓延,資源利用與生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)之間的矛盾日益突出。開展巖溶山區(qū)水土資源利用與生態(tài)環(huán)境關(guān)聯(lián)耦合協(xié)調(diào)模擬研究,有助于科學(xué)地認(rèn)識巖溶山區(qū)水土資源與生態(tài)環(huán)境系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部各要素之間的作用機(jī)理,對區(qū)域資源與環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要的理論和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。 本文深入考察了滇東南巖溶山區(qū)水土資源稟賦和生態(tài)環(huán)境狀況,基于3S技術(shù),利用多時(shí)段、多平臺的遙感影像數(shù)據(jù),調(diào)查分析了區(qū)域石漠化現(xiàn)狀分布格局、時(shí)空變化規(guī)律、成因驅(qū)動因素；系統(tǒng)分析了區(qū)域水土資源結(jié)構(gòu)、開發(fā)利用現(xiàn)狀與供需平衡關(guān)系,構(gòu)建了區(qū)域水土資源匹配格局測算模型,定量分析了水土資源的時(shí)空匹配程度；綜合運(yùn)用熵權(quán)賦值法和GIS綜合指數(shù)模型框架,構(gòu)建生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱性評價(jià)指標(biāo)體系,評價(jià)分析了生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱性;以互動響應(yīng)為切入點(diǎn),分析了水土資源開發(fā)利用與生態(tài)環(huán)境的關(guān)聯(lián)響應(yīng)機(jī)理,基于系統(tǒng)耦合協(xié)調(diào)理論,構(gòu)建基于區(qū)域水資源子系統(tǒng)、土地資源子系統(tǒng)與生態(tài)環(huán)境子系統(tǒng)的耦合協(xié)調(diào)模型,對區(qū)域水土資源利用與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了耦合協(xié)調(diào)評價(jià)分析；運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)動力學(xué)的理論與方法,構(gòu)建區(qū)域水土資源可持續(xù)利用系統(tǒng)動力學(xué)仿真模型,并結(jié)合廣南縣水土資源稟賦情況,進(jìn)行了實(shí)證模擬研究,提出了水土資源與生態(tài)環(huán)境可持續(xù)利用策略。主要研究內(nèi)容與結(jié)論如下： 1、石漠化遙感調(diào)查與驅(qū)動因素分析。滇東南巖溶山區(qū)是云南省石漠化最集中連片的分布地區(qū),石漠化類型以輕度石漠化和中度石漠化為主。根據(jù)石漠化研究調(diào)查結(jié)果,1992年至2012年二十年間,石漠化總體上呈增加趨勢,且強(qiáng)度石漠化增加的速度較快,生態(tài)環(huán)境呈現(xiàn)持續(xù)惡化趨勢。導(dǎo)致區(qū)域石漠化演化絕非某一因素單獨(dú)作用的結(jié)果,而是多因素共同作用的結(jié)果。巖溶石漠化并不等同于生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱區(qū)和生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量最差的地區(qū),其特征主要通過生態(tài)環(huán)境的改變速率、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)抵抗外界的干擾能力(包括災(zāi)害)及生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和敏感性來體現(xiàn)。 2、水土資源利用時(shí)空匹配格局研究。滇東南巖溶山區(qū)水土資源開發(fā)利用最突出的特點(diǎn)是缺土、少水,特殊的環(huán)境演變背景使其水土資源短缺且時(shí)空分布不均。區(qū)域內(nèi)水資源以地下水為主,且難以開發(fā)利用；土地資源分布零散,土層薄,易流失,極易引發(fā)一系列生態(tài)環(huán)境問題。水土資源利用時(shí)空匹配系數(shù)測算結(jié)果表明,區(qū)域內(nèi)各縣(市、區(qū))由于資源稟賦不同,地貌類型多樣、差異明顯,水土資源時(shí)空分布的不均衡,因此水土資源時(shí)空匹配呈現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的地域差異性。 3、生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱性綜合評價(jià)研究。區(qū)域生態(tài)環(huán)境集中體現(xiàn)出環(huán)境界面變異敏感度高、環(huán)境容量低、承災(zāi)能力弱、穩(wěn)定性差等一系列脆弱性的特征。滇東南30個(gè)巖溶縣(市、區(qū))的生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱性評價(jià)結(jié)果表明,有4個(gè)極度脆弱縣,4個(gè)重度脆弱縣,8個(gè)中度脆弱縣,7個(gè)輕度脆弱縣,呈兩頭小、中間大的形勢。滇東南巖溶區(qū)的生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱性反映了巖溶區(qū)特殊的自然因素與人為活動的綜合作用。根據(jù)滇東南巖溶山區(qū)實(shí)際情況,滇東南巖溶山區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱性機(jī)制主要包括山地系統(tǒng)脆弱性、巖溶地質(zhì)化學(xué)脆弱性和人文脆弱性等,多重機(jī)制制約是造成滇東南巖溶山區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境系統(tǒng)脆弱性的本質(zhì)。 4、水土資源利用與生態(tài)環(huán)境關(guān)聯(lián)耦合協(xié)調(diào)研究。水土資源利用與生態(tài)環(huán)境之間存在著相互制約的互動耦合關(guān)系,其耦合協(xié)調(diào)度是衡量水土資源利用與生態(tài)環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要依據(jù)。2003-2012年十年間,區(qū)域水土資源利用與生態(tài)環(huán)境的耦合度基本穩(wěn)定,均在0.9以上,而耦合協(xié)調(diào)度變化較為明顯,2003-2005屬于中級耦合,2005-2008年屬于良好耦合,2008-2012年屬于優(yōu)質(zhì)耦合。從綜合評價(jià)結(jié)果來看,2003年到2012年區(qū)域水土資源利用與生態(tài)環(huán)境耦合協(xié)調(diào)度一直處于上升狀態(tài),且始終屬于兩者同步型,這表明水土資源利用與生態(tài)環(huán)境耦合發(fā)展趨勢良好,在土地資源的開發(fā)利用過程中,比較注重生態(tài)環(huán)境的保護(hù)。 5、水土資源可持續(xù)利用系統(tǒng)動力學(xué)仿真模擬研究。通過系統(tǒng)分析,構(gòu)建因果關(guān)系圖、系統(tǒng)流圖,設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)參數(shù)和計(jì)算結(jié)構(gòu)方程式,構(gòu)建了水土資源可持續(xù)利用系統(tǒng)動力學(xué)模型。該模型共包含133個(gè)活性方程,其中狀態(tài)方程8個(gè),流率方程20個(gè),表函數(shù)12個(gè),其他方程,包括輔助變量和外生變量等93個(gè)。系統(tǒng)動力學(xué)模型調(diào)試與檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明模型在數(shù)值上具有敏感性,模型的結(jié)構(gòu)是穩(wěn)定的。從解決廣南縣水土資源供需平衡問題出發(fā),設(shè)計(jì)水土資源可持續(xù)利用方案,并進(jìn)行動態(tài)仿真和評價(jià),結(jié)果表明協(xié)調(diào)方案是廣南縣水土資源可持續(xù)利用的最優(yōu)方案,對實(shí)現(xiàn)區(qū)域水土資源高效利用有指導(dǎo)意義。
[Abstract]:Southeast Yunnan is located in the southeast of Yunnan Province, is a typical karst mountain area. Carbonate rocks exposed in large area, geochemical unique, Karst landforms of Karst. Due to slow soil formation process, barren soil, the distribution is not continuous, and is influenced by the geological structure of Karst two yuan, low water retention capacity, rocky desertification is a common phenomenon. And the variation of karst ecosystem sensitivity, disaster bearing capacity is low, small environmental capacity, the ecological environment is extremely fragile. In southeastern Yunnan area in Yunnan province is an important traditional agricultural economy area, land area accounted for only 6% of the population and the concentration of 2/3 in 1/3 of arable land, but the water the amount of resources accounted for only 5% of the water and soil resources, the uneven spatial distribution. For a long time, due to the limited and the exploitation and utilization of land resources, the karst vegetation was severely damaged, rapid soil erosion quickly to the underlying base Rock directly exposed to the surface, the rapid spread of desertification, the contradiction between resource utilization and ecological environment protection becomes increasingly prominent. Carry out simulation research and ecological environment coupling coordination and utilization of water and soil resources in karst mountainous areas, contribute to the scientific understanding of the interaction mechanism between soil and water resources in Karst Mountain area and internal ecological environment system of various elements, has important the theoretical and practical significance for the sustainable development of regional resources and environment.
This paper examines the soil and water resources in karst mountain area of Southeast Yunnan resources and ecological environment, based on 3S technology, using multi temporal remote sensing data, multi platform, investigation and analysis of the status quo of regional distribution pattern of rocky desertification, the temporal variation of driving factors, causes; system analysis of regional soil and water resources development and utilization status and the relationship between the structure. The balance of supply and demand, constructs the matching pattern calculation model of regional soil and water resources, quantitative analysis of the space-time matching degree of soil and water resources; integrated model framework using entropy assignment method and GIS index, the construction of ecological environment vulnerability evaluation index system, evaluation and analysis of the ecological environment vulnerability; with interactive response as the breakthrough point, analysis of the development of the use of water resources and related ecological environment response mechanism, system coordination theory based on the construction of regional water resources subsystem based on sub system and land resources The coupling coordination model of ecological environment subsystem, the regional soil and water resources utilization and ecological system of the coupled coordination evaluation and analysis; using the theory and method of system dynamics, the construction of regional soil and water resources sustainable utilization of the system dynamics simulation model, combined with the Guangnan County water and soil resources, the empirical simulation study, puts forward the strategies of sustainable utilization water resources and ecological environment. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows:
1, analysis of driving factors and remote sensing investigation of rocky desertification in karst mountain area is southeast of Yunnan. The distribution area of rocky desertification in Yunnan province is the most concentrated, type of rocky desertification in mild rocky desertification and moderate rocky desertification. Rocky desertification according to the research results, from 1992 to 2012 twenty years, rocky desertification in general showed an increasing trend, and the intensity of rocky desertification increased rapidly. The ecological environment is worsening trend. Lead to regional rocky desertification is a result of the single factor, but the result of the interaction of multiple factors. The karst rocky desertification is not equivalent to the fragile ecological environment area and ecological environment quality in the worst areas the main features of the ecological environment, the rate of change of the ecological system, resist interference outside (including disaster) to reflect and ecosystem stability and sensitivity.
2, the pattern of time-space matching of land and water resources. The Southeast Yunnan karst mountain area of soil and water resources utilizing the most prominent feature is the lack of soil, water shortage and environmental evolution in the special background of soil and water resources shortage and the uneven distribution of water resources in the area. Groundwater based, and it is difficult to development and utilization of land resources; scattered distribution of soil thin, easy loss, easy to cause a series of ecological environment problems. The utilization of land and water resources, temporal coefficient calculation results show that the counties (cities, districts) due to different resource endowments, landform types, the difference is obvious, the temporal and spatial distribution of soil and water resources are not balanced, so the soil and water resources, space showing strong regional differences.
3, study on the vulnerability of the ecological environment. The comprehensive evaluation of regional ecological environment embodies the environmental variation of interface with high sensitivity, low environmental capacity, disaster bearing capacity is weak, poor stability and a series of vulnerability characteristics. Southeast Yunnan 30 Karst County (city, district) ecological environment vulnerability assessment results show that there are 4 extremely vulnerable counties, 4 severe fragile County, 8 County, 7 mild moderate fragile, fragile County, were two small, the situation in the middle. The southeast area of Yunnan karst ecological environment vulnerability reflects the comprehensive effect of special natural factors and human activities in the karst area. According to the actual situation of karst mountain area of Southeast Yunnan the ecological environment in karst mountain area, Southeastern Yunnan vulnerability mechanisms include mountain system vulnerability, karst chemical vulnerability and human vulnerability, multiple restriction mechanism is caused by the intrinsic vulnerability of ecological environment in karst mountain area of Southeast Yunnan.
4, soil and water resources utilization and ecological environment coupling coordination research. The utilization of land and water resources with mutual coupling of interdependent relationship between the ecological environment, the coupling degree is an important basis for measuring the sustainable development and ecological environment of water and soil resources.2003-2012 ten years, regional soil and water resources utilization and ecological environment of the basic stability of coupling that was more than 0.9, and the change of the couplingcoordination degree is more obvious, 2003-2005 belong to the intermediate coupling, 2005-2008 years to 2008-2012 years of good coupling, belong to high-quality coupling. The comprehensive evaluation results from 2003 to 2012, soil and water resources and ecological environment coordinated regional coupling has increased by, and always belongs to both synchronous type, which indicates that good use of water and soil resources coupled with the trend of ecological environment, the exploitation and utilization of land resources in the process, pay more attention to the ecological environment Protection.
5, the system dynamics simulation of the sustainable utilization of water resources. Through the analysis of the system, build the causality diagram, system flow chart, system design parameters and calculation equation of structure, construction of soil and water resources sustainable utilization system dynamics model. The model includes 133 active equations with the state equation 8, equation 20 flow rate. Table 12 other functions, including the auxiliary equation, and exogenous variables 93. System dynamics model debugging and test results show that the model is sensitive in the numerical model, the structure is stable. Starting from the Guangzhou Nanxian to solve the supply and demand balance of water and soil resources, sustainable utilization of water resources and design scheme for dynamic simulation and evaluation the results show that, coordination is the best project for sustainable utilization of water and soil resources in Guangnan County, for the realization of regional soil and water resources use efficiency in guiding significance.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：昆明理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：X37;X171

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