【摘要】：運(yùn)行中的望遠(yuǎn)鏡會(huì)受到鏡面位置失調(diào)誤差的影響。地基望遠(yuǎn)鏡的主要導(dǎo)致因素包括重力、風(fēng)載和熱交換等;空間望遠(yuǎn)鏡的主要導(dǎo)致因素則包括振動(dòng)、溫差等。隨著望遠(yuǎn)鏡口徑的增大,該類失調(diào)誤差更敏感,成為研究者面臨的突出技術(shù)問(wèn)題。本文以望遠(yuǎn)鏡光學(xué)系統(tǒng)成像清晰度作為判據(jù),對(duì)共軸兩鏡、離軸三鏡望遠(yuǎn)鏡系統(tǒng)鏡面失調(diào)誤差的探測(cè)和校正進(jìn)行了理論研究、仿真分析和實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。論文的主要研究?jī)?nèi)容包括:首先,利用矢量波像差理論對(duì)共軸望遠(yuǎn)鏡光學(xué)系統(tǒng)處于理想狀態(tài)以及鏡面相對(duì)位置存在誤差時(shí)全視場(chǎng)像差的分布特性進(jìn)行了理論分析,獲得了鏡面各自由度位置誤差與像差的映射關(guān)系。基于此,通過(guò)瞳面坐標(biāo)系轉(zhuǎn)換對(duì)離軸望遠(yuǎn)鏡光學(xué)系統(tǒng)像差分布特性進(jìn)行了研究,特別對(duì)離軸TMA(Three Mirror Anastigmatic)望遠(yuǎn)鏡進(jìn)行論述。然后,針對(duì)成像過(guò)程中噪聲對(duì)清晰度函數(shù)計(jì)算的影響進(jìn)行了理論分析和仿真研究。通過(guò)設(shè)置最優(yōu)閾值的方式使噪聲的影響達(dá)到最小。給出了使計(jì)算誤差達(dá)到最小的最優(yōu)閾值計(jì)算公式并進(jìn)行了理論和仿真驗(yàn)證。最后,提出了以成像光斑清晰度函數(shù)為判據(jù)的鏡面位置誤差校正方法,通過(guò)隨機(jī)并行梯度下降算法對(duì)鏡面位置誤差進(jìn)行解算。出于全局最優(yōu)化考慮,先后利用軸上視場(chǎng)、多視場(chǎng)遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)光斑完成了失調(diào)誤差量的求解。根據(jù)所提出的校正方法,分別針對(duì)特定兩鏡共軸、離軸TMA望遠(yuǎn)鏡系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了仿真研究。仿真結(jié)果表明迭代校正后成像清晰度得到明顯的提升。其中離軸TMA系統(tǒng)的仿真中還針對(duì)成像探測(cè)器的采樣率和光能量強(qiáng)度影響進(jìn)行了分析。結(jié)合仿真計(jì)算參數(shù)體系,設(shè)計(jì)并搭建了兩套實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證系統(tǒng):其一,對(duì)于共軸光學(xué)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了基于軸上視場(chǎng)遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)光斑對(duì)失調(diào)誤差進(jìn)行解算與校正,結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了在一定邊界條件下,可以獲得鏡面位置的有效解,但解并不唯一;其二,對(duì)于離軸TMA望遠(yuǎn)鏡系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了基于多視場(chǎng)遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)光斑的聯(lián)合計(jì)算與校正實(shí)驗(yàn),結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了在選定的像清晰度函數(shù)評(píng)價(jià)下,可以獲得鏡面位置的有效解,并具備可重復(fù)性,屬于唯一解。該實(shí)驗(yàn)中還分析針對(duì)不同信噪比情況下的校正進(jìn)行了分析。
[Abstract]:Telescopes in motion will be affected by misalignment of the mirror. The main causes of ground-based telescope include gravity, wind load and heat exchange, while the main factors of space telescope include vibration, temperature difference and so on. With the increase of telescope caliber, the misalignment error becomes more sensitive, which becomes a prominent technical problem for researchers. Based on the imaging definition of telescope optical system, the detection and correction of misalignment error of two coaxial and three off axis telescopes are theoretically studied, simulated and verified by experiments. The main contents of this paper are as follows: firstly, the distribution characteristics of total field aberration are analyzed by using vector wave aberration theory when the optical system of coaxial telescope is in ideal state and the relative position error of mirror surface exists. The mapping relationship between the position error and aberration of each degree of freedom of the mirror is obtained. Based on this, the aberration distribution characteristics of off-axis telescope optical system are studied through pupil plane coordinate system transformation, especially the off-axis TMA (Three Mirror Anastigmatic) telescope. Then, the effect of noise on the definition function is analyzed and simulated. The effect of noise is minimized by setting the optimal threshold. The formula for calculating the optimal threshold with minimum error is given, and the theoretical and simulation results are verified. Finally, a mirror position error correction method based on the definition function of the imaging spot is proposed, and the specular position error is calculated by a stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm. For the sake of global optimization, the misalignment error is solved successively by using the field of view on the axis and the far field spot in the multi-view field. According to the proposed correction method, a simulation study is carried out for a specific two-mirror coaxial and off-axis TMA telescope system. The simulation results show that the image sharpness is improved obviously after iterative correction. In the simulation of off-axis TMA system, the influence of sampling rate and optical energy intensity of imaging detector is also analyzed. Two experimental verification systems are designed and built in combination with the simulation calculation parameter system. Firstly, the misalignment error of the coaxial optical system based on the far-field spot of the field of view on the axis is calculated and corrected, and the results show that under certain boundary conditions, The effective solution of mirror position can be obtained, but the solution is not unique. Secondly, the joint calculation and correction experiment based on multi-field far-field spot for off-axis TMA telescope system is carried out. The results show that under the selected image definition function evaluation, The effective solution of the mirror position can be obtained, and it is repeatable and belongs to the unique solution. In this experiment, the correction of different SNR is analyzed.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)院研究生院(光電技術(shù)研究所)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：TH743

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