【摘要】：無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)(Wireless Sensor Network, WSN),即隨機(jī)分布于監(jiān)測(cè)環(huán)境中的傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)通過(guò)無(wú)線通信的方式,協(xié)同工作并構(gòu)成網(wǎng)絡(luò),將偵聽(tīng)到的有效信息經(jīng)過(guò)計(jì)算和融合等簡(jiǎn)單處理,再發(fā)送至基站。微傳感器、低功耗電子技術(shù)和射頻通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展推動(dòng)了WSN的產(chǎn)生和蓬勃發(fā)展。雖然WSN以低功耗和靈活自組織的特點(diǎn),取得廣泛的應(yīng)用前景,然而WSN的應(yīng)用環(huán)境大多是復(fù)雜多變、不宜部署有線網(wǎng)絡(luò)的工程應(yīng)用和環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè),要求節(jié)點(diǎn)采用微型化設(shè)計(jì),并使用電池供電。電池的能量極為有限,且部署之后再次補(bǔ)充電能極為不易,故在保證網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋質(zhì)量和通信要求的前提下減少能耗,提高網(wǎng)絡(luò)的能量效率,延長(zhǎng)節(jié)點(diǎn)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的生存時(shí)間,是無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)研究的重要內(nèi)容。 WSN的能量消耗可以分為“必要能耗”和“非必要能耗”。其中必要能耗有三個(gè)用途：(ⅰ)發(fā)送與接收數(shù)據(jù)；(ⅱ)處理查詢(xún)請(qǐng)求；(ⅲ)向鄰居節(jié)點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)查詢(xún)或數(shù)據(jù)包�！胺潜匾芎摹笔怯靡裕�(ⅰ)空閑偵聽(tīng)；(ⅱ)數(shù)據(jù)包沖突導(dǎo)致的重發(fā)；(ⅲ)偵聽(tīng)；(ⅳ)產(chǎn)生或處理控制包。網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)省能量的方式有減少“非必要能耗”的,也有以減少“必要能耗”為手段的。這些節(jié)能方法可以分為三類(lèi)：第一類(lèi),高能效路由技術(shù)；第二類(lèi),數(shù)據(jù)處理技術(shù)；第三類(lèi),拓?fù)淇刂萍夹g(shù)。這些方法都是節(jié)約能量、提高網(wǎng)絡(luò)能效性能的有效方法,但是仍有許多理論障礙技術(shù)瓶頸尚未解決。 本文在“基于傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的水質(zhì)在線檢測(cè)裝置”等應(yīng)用需求下,針對(duì)無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)在節(jié)能技術(shù)方面的挑戰(zhàn),在綜合分析WSN分簇路由原理與方法的基礎(chǔ)上,建立能耗均衡的分簇路由協(xié)議,以延長(zhǎng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)生存時(shí)間；針對(duì)水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)與評(píng)價(jià)的應(yīng)用環(huán)境,研究了無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)融合的策略與方法,提出了一種高能效的基于分簇路由的數(shù)據(jù)融合策略和基于變異系數(shù)的模糊綜合指數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)融合算法；最后總結(jié)若干描述能效的概念,提出了無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)分簇協(xié)議的能量效率綜合評(píng)估模型與方法。論文的主要內(nèi)容及創(chuàng)新性成果包括： (1)分簇是無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)約能耗、提高能效的一種有效途徑,傳統(tǒng)的分簇路由協(xié)議的簇頭選擇,大多是產(chǎn)生隨機(jī)數(shù)并與閾值比較的方式實(shí)現(xiàn),這種方式導(dǎo)致無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)簇頭選擇的隨機(jī)性、簇頭數(shù)目和性能參數(shù)的浮動(dòng)性。本文以LEACH等分簇協(xié)議為基礎(chǔ),摒棄隨機(jī)數(shù)與閾值比較的簇頭選擇方法,提出兩種基于報(bào)告包的分簇協(xié)議：PNSCH和PCHSIF協(xié)議。PNSCH協(xié)議將節(jié)點(diǎn)剩余能量信息在每輪結(jié)束時(shí)以報(bào)告包形式發(fā)送至當(dāng)前簇頭,并選擇簇內(nèi)剩余能量最大的節(jié)點(diǎn)作為下一輪的簇頭。PCHSIF協(xié)議將節(jié)點(diǎn)剩余能量和距基站距離作為簇頭判定的依據(jù),并將其發(fā)送至當(dāng)前輪的簇頭,以備下一輪簇頭判定使用,且簇頭數(shù)目調(diào)整為最優(yōu)值。這兩種協(xié)議在簇的建立過(guò)程中,成員節(jié)點(diǎn)和簇頭節(jié)點(diǎn)之間會(huì)進(jìn)行報(bào)告包發(fā)送和接收,雖然消耗一定的能量,但是可以達(dá)到平衡網(wǎng)絡(luò)能耗、節(jié)約網(wǎng)絡(luò)整體能耗的目的。 (2)減少數(shù)據(jù)通信量也是提高能耗的有效途徑,數(shù)據(jù)通信量與傳感器采集信號(hào)的信息量大小密切相關(guān),這些信息存在一定的冗余。數(shù)據(jù)融合技術(shù)可解決數(shù)據(jù)冗余問(wèn)題。為此,研究工作綜合監(jiān)測(cè)區(qū)域整體水質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)的問(wèn)題,研究多傳感器的數(shù)據(jù)融合策略和算法：提出了三種應(yīng)用于隨機(jī)部署環(huán)境的無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)融合策略,并分析了三種策略在能效方面的性能；提出了一種面向整個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)區(qū)域水質(zhì)綜合評(píng)價(jià)的數(shù)據(jù)融合算法,該算法以模糊理論為基礎(chǔ),通過(guò)變異系數(shù)法確定不同水質(zhì)指標(biāo)的權(quán)重,并設(shè)計(jì)了一種加權(quán)綜合平均算法以弱化局部特異數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)整個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)區(qū)域的綜合評(píng)價(jià)的影響,最終以模糊綜合指數(shù)表征局部區(qū)域的水質(zhì)綜合評(píng)價(jià)類(lèi)別,以及整個(gè)區(qū)域的水質(zhì)綜合評(píng)價(jià)類(lèi)別。 (3)首次提出了無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)路分簇路由協(xié)議能效綜合評(píng)估的概念,研究了能效參數(shù)體系,并將多目標(biāo)決策理論引入無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)分簇路由協(xié)議的能效評(píng)估的研究之中。將同趨勢(shì)和歸一化處理與TOPSIS算法結(jié)合,作為綜合評(píng)估的計(jì)算方法。并以LEAC、LEACH-C、SEP和HEED分簇協(xié)議為例,驗(yàn)證了能效綜合評(píng)估方法在三方面的效果：相同部署條件下的高能效分簇路由協(xié)議選擇、同一分簇路由協(xié)議的高能效部署方案選擇,以及不同部署條件下的不同分簇路由協(xié)議的高能效方案選擇。
[Abstract]:Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), which is distributed randomly in the monitoring environment, works together and forms a network by means of wireless communication, and sends the effective information to the base station after simple processing such as calculation and fusion, micro-sensor, low-power electronic technology and radio frequency communication technology. The development of WSN promotes the emergence and vigorous development of WSN. Although WSN has a wide application prospect because of its low power consumption and flexible self-organization, the application environment of WSN is mostly complex and changeable, so it is not suitable to deploy the engineering application and environmental monitoring of wired network. The node is required to adopt miniaturization design and use battery to supply power. In order to reduce the energy consumption, improve the energy efficiency and prolong the lifetime of nodes and networks, it is very difficult to replenish power after deployment.
The energy consumption of WSN can be divided into "necessary energy consumption" and "unnecessary energy consumption". Essential energy consumption has three purposes: (i) sending and receiving data; (ii) processing query requests; (iii) forwarding queries or packets to neighboring nodes. (iii) interception; (iv) generation or processing of control packets. There are ways to save energy in networks by reducing "unnecessary energy consumption" or "necessary energy consumption." These energy-saving methods can be divided into three categories: first, energy efficient routing technology; second, data processing technology; third, topology control technology. Both of them are effective ways to save energy and improve network energy efficiency, but there are still many theoretical barriers and technical bottlenecks to be solved.
In order to meet the challenges of WSN in energy-saving technology, a clustering routing protocol with balanced energy consumption is proposed based on the comprehensive analysis of WSN clustering routing principles and methods to prolong the network lifetime. In the application environment, the strategy and method of data fusion in wireless sensor networks are studied, and a high energy-efficient data fusion strategy based on clustering routing and a fuzzy comprehensive index data fusion algorithm based on coefficient of variation are proposed. The main contents and innovative achievements of the paper include:
(1) Clustering is an effective way to save energy and improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. The traditional cluster head selection in clustering routing protocols is mostly realized by generating random numbers and comparing them with thresholds. This method leads to the randomness of cluster head selection, the number of cluster heads and the fluctuation of performance parameters in wireless sensor networks. Based on the equal clustering protocol, two clustering protocols, PNSCH and PCHIF, are proposed. PNSCH sends the residual energy information to the current cluster head in the form of report packets at the end of each round, and selects the node with the largest residual energy in the cluster as the next round. Cluster head. PCHSIF takes residual energy and distance from the base station as the basis of cluster head determination, and sends it to the cluster head of the current round for the next round of cluster head determination, and the number of cluster heads is adjusted to the optimal value. Although it consumes a certain amount of energy, it can achieve the goal of balancing the energy consumption of the network and saving the overall energy consumption of the network.
(2) Reducing the amount of data communication is also an effective way to increase energy consumption. The amount of data communication is closely related to the amount of information collected by sensors, which is redundant. Data fusion technology can solve the problem of data redundancy. According to the fusion strategy and algorithm, three data fusion strategies for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in random deployment environment are proposed, and their performance in energy efficiency is analyzed. A data fusion algorithm for comprehensive evaluation of water quality in the whole monitoring area is proposed, which is based on fuzzy theory and adopts coefficient of variation method. The weights of different water quality indexes are determined, and a weighted comprehensive average algorithm is designed to weaken the influence of local specific data on the comprehensive evaluation of the whole monitoring area. Finally, the fuzzy comprehensive index is used to characterize the comprehensive evaluation category of local water quality and the comprehensive evaluation category of the whole region.
(3) The concept of energy efficiency evaluation for clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks is proposed for the first time, and the energy efficiency parameter system is studied. The multi-objective decision theory is introduced into the study of energy efficiency evaluation for clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Taking LEAC, LEACH-C, SEP and HEED clustering protocols as examples, the effectiveness of the energy efficiency comprehensive evaluation method is verified in three aspects: the selection of energy efficient clustering routing protocols under the same deployment conditions, the selection of energy efficient deployment schemes for the same clustering routing protocol, and the selection of energy efficient schemes for different clustering routing protocols under different deployment conditions. Choose.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：TP212.9;TN929.5

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