【摘要】：隨著無線通信、集成電路、傳感器以及微處理機電系統(tǒng)等技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展和日益成熟,傳感器信息獲取技術(shù)已經(jīng)從過去的單一化逐漸向集成化、微型化和網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的方向發(fā)展。無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)(Wireless Sensor Network,WSN)因此應(yīng)運而生,并且引起了全世界范圍的廣泛關(guān)注,其應(yīng)用已經(jīng)擴展到軍事國防、工農(nóng)業(yè)控制、公共安全、環(huán)境監(jiān)測、城市管理、智能交通、醫(yī)療健康和反恐抗災(zāi)等諸多領(lǐng)域。 然而,由于無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)中節(jié)點密度大,且一般安裝在惡劣環(huán)境中,不易更換,其自帶電池容易出現(xiàn)供能不足等情況,因此如何在能量受約束的情況下有效的延長網(wǎng)絡(luò)生存周期成為了當前國內(nèi)外學者研究的重要課題。傳統(tǒng)的無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)路由協(xié)議已經(jīng)不適合新興的無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò),故研究并設(shè)計一個能有效節(jié)約能源,延長網(wǎng)絡(luò)生存周期的路由協(xié)議顯得尤為迫切。 本文以無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)為研究背景,介紹了無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)、特點、關(guān)鍵技術(shù)以及應(yīng)用,并以無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)路由協(xié)議作為研究方向,分析和探討了其主要研究思路和分類,并對幾種經(jīng)典路由協(xié)議進行了介紹與對比。之后重點對低功耗自適應(yīng)集簇分層型(Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, LEACH)協(xié)議展開研究與分析,針對其簇頭分布不均勻,節(jié)點能耗不均衡以及單跳路由通信等不足之處,提出了一種基于LEACH協(xié)議的改進協(xié)議。該協(xié)議以最優(yōu)簇頭數(shù)為標準將整個網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋區(qū)域劃分為分布均勻的多個子區(qū)域,避免了簇頭分布不均勻；依舊采用LEACH協(xié)議“輪”的概念,將節(jié)點剩余能量作為簇頭的選舉標準,解決了節(jié)點能耗不均衡問題；在網(wǎng)絡(luò)層次結(jié)構(gòu)上引入“超級簇頭”概念,并設(shè)置一個權(quán)值公式,當數(shù)據(jù)處于穩(wěn)定傳輸階段時,簇頭結(jié)合權(quán)值公式選擇一個權(quán)重較大的“超級簇頭”作為下一個傳輸節(jié)點傳輸數(shù)據(jù),最終將數(shù)據(jù)傳送給基站,從而降低能耗,提高節(jié)點存活量。 本文最后將結(jié)合無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)在災(zāi)情監(jiān)控、森林防火等實際環(huán)境當中的應(yīng)用情況,利用MATLAB軟件模擬現(xiàn)實環(huán)境,將LEACH協(xié)議和改進協(xié)議進行仿真實驗,通過對比仿真結(jié)果可以得出改進的協(xié)議能有效的均衡網(wǎng)絡(luò)能耗,延長網(wǎng)絡(luò)生存周期。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development and maturity of wireless communication, integrated circuits, sensors and micro processing and mechanical systems, sensor information acquisition technology has gradually developed from the past to integrated, miniaturized and networked. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) arises at the historic moment. The wide range of attention has been made worldwide, and its applications have been extended to military and national defense, industrial and agricultural control, public safety, environmental monitoring, urban management, intelligent transportation, medical health, anti terrorism and disaster resistance and so on.
However, because of the large density of nodes in wireless sensor networks and generally installed in bad environment, it is difficult to replace the batteries, and their own batteries are prone to lack of energy supply. Therefore, how to prolong the network lifetime effectively under the constraint of energy has become an important topic for scholars at home and abroad. Routing protocols are not suitable for new wireless sensor networks, so it is very urgent to study and design a routing protocol that can effectively save energy and prolong the lifetime of network.
In this paper, based on wireless sensor network, the architecture, characteristics, key technologies and applications of WSN are introduced, and the research direction and classification of wireless sensor network routing protocol are analyzed and discussed, and several classic routing protocols are introduced and compared. The Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is studied and analyzed for the low power adaptive cluster hierarchical Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. In view of the inadequacies of the cluster head distribution, the uneven energy consumption and the single hop routing, a modified protocol based on the LEACH protocol is proposed. The protocol takes the optimal cluster head number as the standard to make the whole The network coverage area is divided into many subregions with uniform distribution, which avoids the uneven distribution of cluster heads. The concept of "wheel" of LEACH protocol is adopted, and the residual energy of the node is used as the election standard for the cluster head, and the energy imbalance problem of the nodes is solved. The concept of "super cluster head" is introduced into the network hierarchy and a weight value is set up. When the data is in the stable transmission stage, the cluster head combines the weight value formula to select a "super cluster head" with a larger weight as the next transmission node to transmit data. Finally, the data is transmitted to the base station, thus reducing energy consumption and increasing the node survival.
At the end of this paper, the application of wireless sensor network in the disaster monitoring, forest fire prevention and other actual environment, using the MATLAB software to simulate the real environment, the LEACH protocol and the improved protocol are simulated. By comparing the simulation results, the improved protocol can effectively balance the network energy consumption and prolong the network life cycle.
【學位授予單位】：昆明理工大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：TN929.5;TP212.9

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