本文選題：到達(dá)時(shí)間差 + 到達(dá)頻率差　； 參考：《國防科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：多接收站的輻射源定位是指利用多個(gè)接收站接收來自輻射源的信號(hào),從而估計(jì)輻射源的位置等信息,簡(jiǎn)稱多站定位。多站定位在電子偵察、環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)等領(lǐng)域有廣泛的應(yīng)用,如軍事中的多站無源定位,民用的無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)定位等。本文研究的多接收站輻射源定位方法包括了兩類定位方法。第一類方法是基于定位觀測(cè)量的定位方法。定位觀測(cè)量是指從接收信號(hào)中提取的一些含輻射源位置信息的特征量,如到達(dá)時(shí)間(Time of arrival,TOA)、到達(dá)角度(Angle of Arrival,AOA)、到達(dá)時(shí)間差(Time difference of arrival,TDOA)、到達(dá)頻率差(Frequency difference of arrival,FDOA)等�；诙ㄎ挥^測(cè)量的定位方法首先從接收信號(hào)中估計(jì)出定位觀測(cè)量,然后根據(jù)定位觀測(cè)量與輻射源位置之間的觀測(cè)方程解算出輻射源位置信息。第二類方法是基于信號(hào)層次的直接定位方法,這種定位方法不需要從接收信號(hào)中估計(jì)定位觀測(cè)量,而是直接從接收信號(hào)中估計(jì)輻射源的位置。本文第二章至第四章的研究?jī)?nèi)容都是基于定位觀測(cè)量的定位方法,其中第二章研究了僅用FDOA的多站定位方法,第三章研究了基于TDOA和FDOA的多站定位與標(biāo)校方法,第四章研究了基于TOA的多站相對(duì)定位方法。第五章是基于信號(hào)層次的直接定位方法,研究了基于時(shí)延和多普勒的多接收站相干累加直接定位方法。具體研究?jī)?nèi)容概括如下:第二章研究了僅用FDOA的多接收站輻射源定位方法。首先研究了輻射源存在球面約束時(shí),僅用FDOA的定位方法。本文先分析了球面約束場(chǎng)景下,僅用FDOA定位的克拉美羅下限(Cramer-Rao lower bound,CRLB),然后通過引入拉格朗日乘子將定位問題轉(zhuǎn)換成非線性約束條件下的線性最小二乘估計(jì),最后采用高斯-牛頓方法迭代求解輻射源位置。其次,本章研究了沒有球面約束場(chǎng)景下,僅用到達(dá)頻率差定位時(shí),接收站位置誤差對(duì)定位精度的影響。本文首先分析了接收站位置誤差有無情況下CRLB的不同,通過理論推導(dǎo)分析出接收站位置誤差對(duì)定位精度影響程度。最后提出一種考慮接收站位置誤差因素的定位方法,該方法在FDOA測(cè)量噪聲和接收站位置誤差較小情況下能夠達(dá)到定位的CRLB。第三章研究了基于TDOA和FDOA的多站定位與標(biāo)校方法。本章分別研究了三種定位場(chǎng)景下的標(biāo)校方法。首先是單個(gè)輻射源場(chǎng)景下采用單個(gè)標(biāo)校站的定位與標(biāo)校方法。其次是多輻射源場(chǎng)景下,研究了部分輻射源具有先驗(yàn)信息(等同于含有位置誤差的標(biāo)校站)時(shí)的定位與標(biāo)校方法。最后研究了采用自標(biāo)校站的多站定位與標(biāo)校方法。在各自的定位場(chǎng)景下,本文首先分析和推導(dǎo)輻射源定位的CRLB,從而得到采用標(biāo)校站、輻射源先驗(yàn)位置信息或者自標(biāo)校站時(shí),輻射源定位精度提高的理論程度。然后提出各自場(chǎng)景下的定位與標(biāo)校方法,第一步由標(biāo)校站、含先驗(yàn)位置信息的輻射源或者自標(biāo)校站的信號(hào)到達(dá)各個(gè)接收站的TDOA和FDOA來估計(jì)接收站的位置誤差,從而修正接收站的位置和速度。再利用來自輻射源信號(hào)的TDOA和FDOA估計(jì)輻射源位置和速度。理論分析和實(shí)驗(yàn)仿真均表明當(dāng)TDOA/FDOA測(cè)量噪聲和接收站位置誤差較小情況下,各種定位場(chǎng)景下的定位與標(biāo)校方法,輻射源定位性能均能達(dá)到各自的CRLB。第四章研究了基于TOA的相對(duì)定位方法。該定位場(chǎng)景下輻射源和接收站的位置都是未知,因此僅用TOA觀測(cè)量無法估計(jì)出輻射源和接收站的位置,但是各個(gè)輻射源和接收站之間的相對(duì)位置是可以估計(jì)。本文首先推導(dǎo)相對(duì)定位場(chǎng)景下的CRLB,通過理論分析得到相對(duì)定位問題的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。其次采用雙線性方法將TOA觀測(cè)量和輻射源位置之間的方程轉(zhuǎn)換為線性關(guān)系。通過對(duì)TOA觀測(cè)量矩陣的奇異值分解,將求解輻射源位置的問題轉(zhuǎn)換為求解奇異值分解中的混合矩陣問題。從而將高維數(shù)未知量求解問題轉(zhuǎn)換為混合矩陣中九個(gè)未知元素的求解問題,降低了問題的復(fù)雜度。之后論文建立以混合矩陣元素為未知量的觀測(cè)方程,通過最小二乘估計(jì)方法,求出混合矩陣中的各個(gè)元素,進(jìn)而得到輻射源和接收站的相對(duì)位置。然后論文分析了以混合矩陣元素為未知量的觀測(cè)方程的誤差特性,推導(dǎo)出加權(quán)矩陣,通過加權(quán)最小二乘估計(jì),最終使得定位精度得到進(jìn)一步提高。最后,論文以雙線性方法的估計(jì)結(jié)果作為初始值,提出一種高斯-牛頓方法迭代求解輻射源的相對(duì)位置,從而使得定位精度達(dá)到CRLB。第五章研究了基于時(shí)延和多普勒的相干累加直接定位方法。論文分別研究了在合作式輻射源定位場(chǎng)景和非合作式輻射源定位場(chǎng)景下,接收站接收多段數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)的定位方法。通過研究不同段接收數(shù)據(jù)之間相位的差異,以及該相位差值和輻射源位置之間的關(guān)系,提出一種基于相干累加的直接定位方法。為了便于對(duì)比,論文同時(shí)推導(dǎo)了基于非相干累加的直接定位方法。此外,論文推導(dǎo)出這兩種定位方法的CRLB。通過CRLB對(duì)比表明相干累加直接定位方法的理論定位性能要優(yōu)于非相干累加直接定位方法。蒙特卡洛仿真表明,在高信噪比下相干累加直接定位方法性能明顯優(yōu)于非相干直接定位方法,而且能夠達(dá)到相干累加直接定位方法的CRLB。在低信噪比下,兩種方法定位性能相似。
[Abstract]:The location of the radiant source of a multi receiving station is to use multiple receiving stations to receive signals from the source, and to estimate the location of the radiation source, for short, multi station positioning. The multi station location is widely used in the fields of electronic reconnaissance and environmental monitoring, such as the multi station passive localization in the military and the location of the civil wireless sensor network. The method of locating the radiant source of the multiple receiving station includes two kinds of location methods. The first class method is based on the positioning method based on the location measurement. The location measurement refers to some characteristics of the source location information extracted from the received signal, such as the arrival time (Time of arrival, TOA), the arrival angle (Angle of Arrival, AOA), and the arrival time. The difference (Time difference of arrival, TDOA), the arrival frequency difference (Frequency difference of arrival, FDOA), etc.. Based on the positioning method, the positioning method first estimates the location measurement from the received signal, and then calculates the location information of the radiation source according to the observation equation between the location measurement and the location of the radiation source. The second method is the base. The method of direct positioning on the signal level, this method does not need to estimate the location measurement from the received signal, but directly estimates the location of the radiation source from the received signal. The second chapter to the fourth chapter of this paper is based on the positioning method based on the location measurement, and the second chapter studies the multi station location method using FDOA only. In the third chapter, the multi station location and calibration method based on TDOA and FDOA is studied. The fourth chapter studies the multi station relative positioning method based on TOA. The fifth chapter is the direct location method based on the signal level, and studies the coherent accumulative direct location method based on time delay and Doppler. The specific content is summarized as follows: the second chapter studies In this paper, the location method of the radiant source in the multi receiving station only using FDOA is studied. First, the location method of FDOA is used only when the radiation source has spherical constraint. This paper first analyzes the Cramer-Rao lower bound, CRLB, which is located in the sphere constrained scene, and then converts the positioning problem into nonlinear by introducing the Lagrange multiplier. The linear least square estimation under the constraint conditions and the Gauss Newton method are used to solve the location of the radiant source iteratively. Secondly, this chapter studies the influence of the location error of the receiving station on the positioning accuracy when the arrival frequency difference is located without the spherical constraint. This paper first analyzes the difference of the location error of the receiving station with or without the CRLB. Through theoretical deduction, the influence degree of location error on the location accuracy is analyzed. At last, a positioning method considering the location error of the receiving station is put forward. This method has studied the multi station location based on TDOA and FDOA based on TDOA and FDOA in the third chapter of the location error under the small error of the measurement noise and the position error of the receiving station. In this chapter, the calibration method of three location scenarios is studied. First, the location and calibration method of a single calibration station is used in a single radiation source scene. Secondly, the location and calibration method of a partial radiant source with a priori information (equivalent to a calibration station with position error) is studied. Using the multi station positioning and calibration method of self calibration station, this paper first analyzes and deduces the CRLB of the location of the radiation source under the respective positioning scene, and then obtains the theoretical degree of improving the location accuracy of the radiation source when the calibration station, the prior location information of the radiation source or the self calibration station, and then the positioning and calibration methods under their respective scenes are put forward. The first step is to estimate the position and speed of the receiving station by the radiation source or the signal of the prior position information to the TDOA and FDOA of the receiving stations to estimate the position and speed of the receiving station. Then the location and speed of the radiation source are estimated by the TDOA and FDOA from the source signal. When the TDOA/FDOA measurement noise and the location error of the receiving station are small, the location and calibration method of various positioning scenes, the location performance of the radiant source can reach the respective CRLB. fourth chapter, and the relative positioning method based on TOA is studied. The location of the radiation source and the receiving station is unknown under this positioning scene, so only TOA is used to measure the location. The location of the radiation source and receiving station is estimated by the method, but the relative position between the sources and the receiving stations can be estimated. Firstly, the CRLB in the relative positioning scene is derived, and the relative positioning problem is obtained by theoretical analysis. Secondly, the bilinear method is used to transform the equation between the TOA observation and the location of the source. By the singular value decomposition of the TOA observation matrix, the problem of solving the location of the radiation source is converted into a mixed matrix problem in singular value decomposition. The problem of solving the problem of the unknown quantity of high dimension is converted to the solution of 9 unknown elements in the mixed matrix, and the complexity of the problem is reduced. After that, the paper is established to mix the problem. The matrix element is the observation equation of the unknown quantity. Through the least squares estimation method, the elements in the mixed matrix are obtained, and the relative position of the radiation source and the receiving station is obtained. Then the paper analyzes the error characteristics of the observation equation with the unknown quantity of the mixed matrix element, and derives the weighted matrix, and the weighted least squares estimate is derived. Finally, the positioning accuracy is further improved. Finally, the paper takes the estimation result of bilinear method as the initial value, and proposes a Gauss Newton method to solve the relative position of the radiation source iteratively, thus making the positioning accuracy up to CRLB. fifth chapter to study the coherent accumulative direct location method based on time delay and Doppler. The location method of the receiving station receiving multiple segments of data in a cooperative radiant location scene and a non cooperative radiation source positioning scene is studied. By studying the phase difference between the received data and the relationship between the phase difference and the location of the source, a direct location method based on coherent accumulation is proposed. In contrast, the paper derives the direct location method based on the incoherent accumulation. In addition, the paper derives the CRLB. of these two positioning methods through the CRLB contrast showing that the theoretical positioning performance of the coherent cumulative direct location method is better than the non coherent cumulative direct location method. Mont Carlo simulation shows that the coherent accumulation of coherent accumulation is directly under high signal to noise ratio. The performance of the joint positioning method is obviously superior to the non coherent direct location method, and the two methods can achieve the similar location performance of the two methods under the low signal to noise ratio of the coherent cumulative direct location method.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：國防科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：TN95

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

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本文編號(hào)：1859972