本文選題：量子通信　切入點(diǎn)：量子密鑰分發(fā)　出處：《中國(guó)科學(xué)院研究生院（光電技術(shù)研究所）》2014年博士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：量子密鑰分發(fā)是量子通信中發(fā)展最為迅速、最為成熟的技術(shù)，具有量子力學(xué)基本原理保證的絕對(duì)安全性。受到光纖的損耗影響以及單光子探測(cè)器的特性限制，基于光纖的量子密鑰分發(fā)距離已基本達(dá)到了極限。受地球曲率和遠(yuǎn)距離可視等條件的限制，地對(duì)地自由空間量子密鑰分發(fā)也很難實(shí)現(xiàn)更遠(yuǎn)的距離，因此人們將目光投向衛(wèi)星平臺(tái)，通過(guò)建立衛(wèi)星平臺(tái)與光學(xué)地面站之間的高穩(wěn)定低損耗量子信道，可實(shí)現(xiàn)超遠(yuǎn)距離的量子密鑰分發(fā)。通過(guò)衛(wèi)星中繼，將有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)覆蓋全球的量子通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)，這也是目前國(guó)際公認(rèn)的最為可行的方案之一。高穩(wěn)定低損耗量子信道的構(gòu)建依賴于光學(xué)地面站和星載載荷的持續(xù)跟蹤和對(duì)準(zhǔn)，要求光學(xué)地面站ATP系統(tǒng)的跟蹤精度要達(dá)到幾微弧度，同時(shí)量子編碼的特殊性又要求ATP系統(tǒng)具有高的偏振保持能力。本文正是在這樣的背景需求下，開(kāi)展星地量子通信系統(tǒng)中光學(xué)地面站捕獲跟蹤瞄準(zhǔn)(ATP)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的研究，旨在地面站ATP系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)、理論仿真分析和技術(shù)驗(yàn)證等方面有所突破，為量子通信光學(xué)地面站的研制奠定技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。 論文對(duì)量子通信光學(xué)地面站和ATP技術(shù)的國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了回顧與分析，指出了ATP系統(tǒng)要實(shí)現(xiàn)高穩(wěn)定低損耗量子信道所面臨的技術(shù)難點(diǎn)：偏振保持技術(shù)、大動(dòng)態(tài)范圍高精度跟蹤技術(shù)和高效耦合接收技術(shù)。 對(duì)星地量子通信系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了全面的分析，確定了星地鏈路建立流程。系統(tǒng)分析了整個(gè)通信鏈路的鏈路裕量，并以此確定了ATP系統(tǒng)的接收口徑、跟蹤精度等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)指標(biāo)。分析了大氣信道對(duì)ATP性能的影響，重點(diǎn)分析了大氣湍流導(dǎo)致的到達(dá)角起伏效應(yīng)，并指出該效應(yīng)是影響ATP系統(tǒng)精度的主要擾動(dòng)源，同時(shí)從到達(dá)角起伏的幅值和頻率分析，整個(gè)ATP系統(tǒng)閉環(huán)帶寬要達(dá)到70Hz～100Hz。 分析了光束偏振對(duì)比度變化對(duì)通信誤碼率的影響，并推導(dǎo)出星地全鏈路偏振對(duì)比度要優(yōu)于100：1，對(duì)應(yīng)地面站ATP系統(tǒng)的偏振對(duì)比度要優(yōu)于250:1。從光學(xué)元件對(duì)偏振對(duì)比度的影響展開(kāi)分析，提出了通過(guò)單鏡片高保偏設(shè)計(jì)加工、光學(xué)元件小角度入射和改變光學(xué)元件間的空間布局關(guān)系等措施可以提高ATP系統(tǒng)的偏振對(duì)比度。 在傳統(tǒng)復(fù)合軸ATP系統(tǒng)跟蹤方法的基礎(chǔ)上，提出了實(shí)現(xiàn)大動(dòng)態(tài)范圍和高精度跟蹤的新方法——雙快速偏轉(zhuǎn)反射鏡串聯(lián)的復(fù)合軸跟蹤方法，并以偏振對(duì)比度和跟蹤精度的雙重約束完成了整個(gè)ATP系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，針對(duì)兩個(gè)FSM互相耦合問(wèn)題，提出了相應(yīng)的解耦策略。 開(kāi)展了提高ATP系統(tǒng)跟蹤精度及光纖耦合效率的方法研究，建立了隨機(jī)并行梯度下降（SPGD）算法的理論框架，分析該算法用于提高成像質(zhì)量、進(jìn)而提高跟蹤精度的可行性；提出了利用SPGD算法提高量子通信光纖耦合效率的方法，通過(guò)仿真分析，，進(jìn)一步表明SPGD優(yōu)化算法可以提高光纖通信的耦合效率和遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)光斑質(zhì)量。給出了單模光纖最優(yōu)的耦合效率與光纖耦合幾何參量a、大氣湍流強(qiáng)度r0、波前校正器單元數(shù)N的關(guān)系；并指出采用多模光纖的耦合效率與其芯徑尺寸密切相關(guān)，提高耦合效率應(yīng)優(yōu)先考慮增加光纖芯徑，其次考慮增加校正器單元數(shù)，為實(shí)現(xiàn)具有SPGD優(yōu)化功能的ATP系統(tǒng)分析設(shè)計(jì)提供了參考。 為了驗(yàn)證ATP系統(tǒng)跟蹤策略的可行性，建立了700mmATP系統(tǒng)實(shí)驗(yàn)平臺(tái)，通過(guò)水平50km和96km兩個(gè)鏈路開(kāi)展了多次信標(biāo)光跟蹤實(shí)驗(yàn)，驗(yàn)證了強(qiáng)湍流條件下的ATP系統(tǒng)跟蹤策略。同時(shí)還開(kāi)展了100km量子糾纏分發(fā)實(shí)驗(yàn)和96km量子密鑰分發(fā)實(shí)驗(yàn)，實(shí)驗(yàn)中ATP系統(tǒng)均采用雙FSM實(shí)現(xiàn)了復(fù)合軸閉環(huán)跟蹤。 研制了一套ATP后光路系統(tǒng)，對(duì)該系統(tǒng)的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行了室內(nèi)測(cè)試，測(cè)試結(jié)果表明其偏振對(duì)比度優(yōu)于300：1，接收效率為34％@850nm。并將該系統(tǒng)與國(guó)家天文臺(tái)的1m天文望遠(yuǎn)鏡主光路進(jìn)行集成，完成了外場(chǎng)工作條件下的跟蹤精度測(cè)試，跟蹤精度優(yōu)于5urad。 建立了SPGD算法靜態(tài)像差補(bǔ)償實(shí)驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)，望遠(yuǎn)鏡系統(tǒng)的靜態(tài)像差校正后，光斑的分布形態(tài)也有明顯改善。為了進(jìn)一步測(cè)試SPGD算法對(duì)跟蹤精度的優(yōu)化效果，開(kāi)展了3km水平鏈路校正實(shí)驗(yàn)，結(jié)果表明：SPGD系統(tǒng)閉環(huán)后，遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)光斑的脫靶量方差明顯減小。
[Abstract]:Quantum key distribution is the most rapid development of quantum communication, the most mature technology, has the absolute safety guarantee the basic principle of quantum mechanics. The characteristics and effect of fiber loss by single photon detectors, optical fiber quantum key distribution distance has basically reached the limit. Based on the earth curvature and distance visual conditions limit surface free space quantum key distribution is also difficult to achieve greater distances, so people will look to the satellite platform, through the establishment of high stability and low loss of quantum channel between the satellite platform and optical ground station, can realize quantum key distribution via satellite. The ultra long distance relay, it will be possible to achieve the global quantum communication network at present, it is internationally recognized as one of the most feasible scheme. High stability and construction of low loss of quantum channel dependent optical ground station and satellite Keep track of load and alignment requirements of optical ground station ATP, the tracking accuracy of the system to achieve a few radian, the particularity of quantum encoding and ATP system with high polarization maintaining capability. In this situation, to carry out satellite quantum communication system optical ground station acquisition tracking and pointing (Research on the key technology of ATP), the design of ATP system to the ground station, a breakthrough in theory analysis and simulation verification technology etc, lay the technical foundation for developing quantum communication optical ground station.
The development of quantum communication optical ground station and ATP technology at home and abroad were reviewed and analyzed, pointed out the technical difficulties faced by ATP system to achieve high stability and low loss of quantum channel: polarization maintaining technology, large dynamic range and high accuracy tracking technology and efficient coupling receiving technology.
The satellite quantum communication system were analyzed, the satellite link establishment process. System analysis of link margin entire communication link, and in order to determine the aperture of the ATP system, the key technical indicators tracking precision etc. This paper analyzes the effects of atmospheric channel on the performance of ATP, focuses on the analysis of the atmospheric turbulence induced the angle of arrival fluctuation effect, and points out the effect of the precision of ATP the main disturbance sources, and from the angle of arrival fluctuation amplitude and frequency analysis, the ATP loop bandwidth to reach 70Hz ~ 100Hz.
Analysis of the impact of changes in the polarization contrast on BER, and deduced the satellite link full polarization contrast is better than 100:1 and polarization contrast ATP system corresponding to ground station is better than 250:1. from the optical component of polarization contrast analysis, put forward by single lens with high polarization maintaining optical design and processing. Element of small incident angle and change the optical element between the spatial distribution of the relationship between measures can increase the polarization contrast of the ATP system.
Based on the traditional ATP system compound axis tracking method, is proposed to achieve high dynamic range and high precision tracking of the new method of fast steering mirror series compound axis tracking method, and the dual constraints of polarization contrast tracking accuracy and completed the design of the ATP system for two FSM coupling problem and put forward the corresponding control strategy.
Research on methods to improve the tracking accuracy and the fiber coupling efficiency of ATP system, established the stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm for the analysis of the theoretical framework, improve the image quality of the algorithm, and the feasibility of improving the tracking accuracy of the proposed method; improve the fiber coupling efficiency of quantum communication using SPGD algorithm, through the simulation analysis, further show that SPGD optimization algorithm can improve the coupling efficiency of optical fiber communication and the far field of laser beam is given. The coupling efficiency of fiber coupling with single-mode fiber geometric parameters of the optimal a, atmospheric turbulence intensity R0, relationship between the wave front corrector unit number N; and that the coupling efficiency of multimode fiber with core diameter should be closely related to improve coupling efficiency give priority to increase the fiber core diameter, then consider increasing the number for the corrector unit, with the analysis of design ATP SPGD system optimization function The reference.
In order to verify the feasibility of the tracking strategy of ATP system, established the 700mmATP system platform, the levels of 50km and 96km two link to carry out a number of beacon tracking experiments verify the tracking system ATP the strong turbulence condition strategy. Also launched 100km quantum entanglement distribution experiment and 96km quantum key distribution system ATP in the experiment using FSM to achieve the dual compound axis closed loop tracking.
Developed a ATP optical path system, each index of the system was tested. The test results show that the polarization contrast is better than 300:1, and the receiving efficiency of 34%@850nm. system and the National Astronomical Observatory of 1m telescope main light path integration, complete tracking precision testing field working condition, tracking precision better than 5urad.
A SPGD algorithm for static aberration compensation experiment system, the static aberrations of the telescope system after correction, the distribution of the spot is improved obviously. In order to further test the SPGD algorithm on tracking accuracy of the optimization effect, to carry out the 3km link level calibration experiment, the results show that the SPGD closed loop system, the far field spot miss distance variance decreases obviously.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)院研究生院（光電技術(shù)研究所）
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：TN918;O413

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