【摘要】：月球是地月系乃至太陽(yáng)系空間隕石撞擊記錄的樣板星球,撞擊坑是其最明顯的形貌特征,它對(duì)我們研究月球演化、太陽(yáng)系隕石撞擊歷史和空間環(huán)境等都有重要的意義。從上個(gè)世紀(jì)90年代起,以開發(fā)利用月球資源為目標(biāo),國(guó)際上掀起了新一輪的月球探測(cè)高潮。開展月球探測(cè)工作是我國(guó)邁出航天深空探測(cè)第一步的重大舉措。我國(guó)的嫦娥衛(wèi)星,尤其是“嫦娥二號(hào)”,針對(duì)月球形貌的研究獲取了大量高精度的月球表面影像數(shù)據(jù),為月球形貌特征和撞擊坑形態(tài)規(guī)律的精細(xì)研究提供了充足的數(shù)據(jù)支持。 本文以嫦娥工程的科學(xué)研究和應(yīng)用為背景,利用嫦娥二號(hào)獲取的大量高精度遙感數(shù)據(jù),以虹灣為研究區(qū),從月球小型撞擊坑的形態(tài)特征和統(tǒng)計(jì)特征入手,對(duì)撞擊坑退化規(guī)律,以及地質(zhì)單位的撞擊年齡、撞擊時(shí)序規(guī)律等問(wèn)題進(jìn)行研究。 首先,本文系統(tǒng)介紹了小型撞擊坑構(gòu)造的形貌特征和演化特征。月球上的小型撞擊坑多為碗形的簡(jiǎn)單撞擊坑,直徑一般小于15～20千米,分布廣泛,數(shù)量眾多,而且受到退化影響規(guī)律更明顯,是利用統(tǒng)計(jì)方法進(jìn)行撞擊坑形態(tài)特征和演化規(guī)律研究的較理想對(duì)象。 其次,對(duì)大量數(shù)據(jù)的分析,撞擊坑自動(dòng)識(shí)別方法和形態(tài)參數(shù)自動(dòng)提取方法的研究非常必要。本文嘗試性的應(yīng)用基于影像數(shù)據(jù)的區(qū)域分割的方法、基于地形數(shù)據(jù)的等值線特征約束的方法,進(jìn)行撞擊坑的自動(dòng)識(shí)別；應(yīng)用坡度分割方法從地形數(shù)據(jù)中進(jìn)行了撞擊坑形態(tài)參數(shù)的自動(dòng)提取。本文分析了研究區(qū)撞擊坑形態(tài)參數(shù)的分布特征和相關(guān)性,并選用撞擊坑深度作為退化特征的標(biāo)志參數(shù)。 然后,本文通過(guò)撞擊坑大小頻率統(tǒng)計(jì)和形態(tài)參數(shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)兩種方法研究退化規(guī)律。撞擊坑的退化是指撞擊坑在微小隕石撞擊等空間環(huán)境影響下逐漸暗淡、填充甚至消失的現(xiàn)象。通過(guò)大小頻率分布,退化的統(tǒng)計(jì)特征通常表現(xiàn)為均衡現(xiàn)象,均衡的演化可以表示地質(zhì)單元相對(duì)年齡的變化；撞擊坑的形態(tài)特征即退化狀態(tài)可以直接表征撞擊坑形成年齡,進(jìn)而反應(yīng)地質(zhì)單元的形成年代,退化參數(shù)是地質(zhì)單元相對(duì)年代的標(biāo)志性參數(shù)。 針對(duì)利用小型撞擊坑進(jìn)行撞擊年齡計(jì)算的問(wèn)題,綜合考慮了撞擊坑退化因素、次級(jí)撞擊坑影響和計(jì)算精度等問(wèn)題,提出了一個(gè)較謹(jǐn)慎的解決方法。該方法通過(guò)撞擊坑大小頻率分析得出用來(lái)計(jì)算撞擊年齡的撞擊坑尺度范圍,即避開受退化影響的分布區(qū)和次級(jí)撞擊坑的密集分布區(qū),同時(shí)撞擊坑標(biāo)繪中利用形態(tài)特征排除次級(jí)坑,由此可以取得較可靠的計(jì)算結(jié)果。本文分析了計(jì)算模型的不確定性,以及統(tǒng)計(jì)過(guò)程對(duì)結(jié)果的影響。 針對(duì)撞擊時(shí)序規(guī)律的研究,本文以形態(tài)演化特征及退化狀態(tài)為入手點(diǎn),以撞擊坑深度變化作為退化的標(biāo)識(shí)參數(shù),模擬不同時(shí)間下撞擊坑族的大小頻率分布特征,并得出基于撞擊坑大小深度的時(shí)序特征線,進(jìn)而得到退化模型。通過(guò)退化模型,可以估計(jì)小型撞擊坑的撞擊年代和退化過(guò)程,從而模擬出不同年代的撞擊坑分布。 本文以小型撞擊坑的形貌特征和演化研究為基礎(chǔ),選擇典型月海地質(zhì)單元為研究區(qū)域,系統(tǒng)研究撞擊坑的形貌特征和退化規(guī)律,建立了定量的退化過(guò)程模型,并針對(duì)撞擊年齡的計(jì)算問(wèn)題、撞擊時(shí)序等問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了探討。本文的研究?jī)?nèi)容對(duì)研究隕石撞擊的分布特征和空間環(huán)境的變化等具有重要意義。
[Abstract]:The Moon is a model planet recorded by meteorite impacts in the Earth-Moon system and even in the solar system. The impact crater is the most obvious feature of its morphology. It is of great significance to the study of the evolution of the Moon, the history of meteorite impacts in the solar system and the space environment. Since the 1990s, with the aim of exploiting and utilizing the lunar resources, a new international trend has been set off. Lunar exploration is the climax of lunar exploration. The lunar exploration is the first step of space exploration in China. China's Chang'e satellite, especially the Chang'e-2 satellite, has obtained a large number of high-precision image data of the lunar surface for the study of lunar morphology characteristics and impact crater morphology. Sufficient data support is provided.
Based on the scientific research and application of Chang'e project, this paper studies the degradation law of impact craters, the impact age of geological units, and the impact time series law of small impact craters on the moon in Hongwan research area by using a large number of high-precision remote sensing data obtained by Chang'e 2.
Firstly, the morphological and evolutionary characteristics of the small impact craters are systematically introduced. Most of the small impact craters on the moon are bowl-shaped, simple impact craters with a diameter of less than 15-20 km. They are widely distributed, numerous in number, and more obviously affected by degradation. They are the morphological and evolutionary characteristics of impact craters by statistical methods. The ideal object of the study.
Secondly, it is necessary to study the methods of automatic identification of impact craters and automatic extraction of morphological parameters for the analysis of a large number of data. In this paper, the distribution characteristics and correlation of the shape parameters of the impact crater in the study area are analyzed, and the depth of the impact crater is selected as a marker parameter of the degradation characteristics.
The degradation of impact craters is defined as the gradual fading, filling and even disappearance of impact craters under the influence of space environment such as micro meteorite impacts. Evolution can indicate the change of relative age of geological unit, and the morphological characteristics of impact crater, i.e. the degeneration state, can directly indicate the age of formation of impact crater and then reflect the age of formation of geological unit.
In order to solve the problem of calculating the impact age of a small impact crater, a more cautious method is proposed, which considers the deterioration factor of the impact crater, the influence of the secondary impact crater and the calculation accuracy. In this paper, the uncertainty of the calculation model and the influence of the statistical process on the results are analyzed.
Aiming at the study of impact time series, this paper takes the morphological evolution and degeneration as the starting point, and takes the change of crater depth as the degeneration index parameter, simulates the size and frequency distribution characteristics of the impact crater family at different time, and obtains the time series characteristic line based on the size and depth of the impact crater, and then obtains the degeneration model. It can estimate the impact age and degradation process of small impact craters and simulate the distribution of impact craters in different ages.
Based on the study of the morphological characteristics and evolution of small impact craters, a typical lunar sea geological unit is selected as the study area. The morphological characteristics and Degradation Laws of impact craters are systematically studied. A quantitative degradation process model is established. The calculation of impact age and impact time series are discussed. It is of great significance to study the distribution characteristics of meteorite impact and the change of space environment.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：P184

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