本文關(guān)鍵詞：“嫦娥一號”衛(wèi)星微波探測對月表參數(shù)反演的理論與應(yīng)用　出處：《復(fù)旦大學(xué)》2013年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 月球 “嫦娥一號” 微波遙感 輻射亮度溫度 月壤 物理溫度廓線 介電常數(shù)反演 雷達探測儀

【摘要】：在長期的地質(zhì)演化過程中,月球表面由于受到火山噴發(fā)等地質(zhì)活動以及外來隕石小天體撞擊的影響,逐漸形成了以撞擊坑為主要地貌的地形結(jié)構(gòu),并形成了幾乎覆蓋整個月球表面的月壤層。由于月球表面缺少大氣層,長期暴露在空間環(huán)境中的月壤層不斷接受太陽風(fēng)粒子以及宇宙射線的輻射,蘊含著豐富的具經(jīng)濟價值的化學(xué)元素,如可供人類可利用的清潔能源3He等,因此對月壤厚度的反演是估算月球能源的重要指標。月球的地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)不僅會對月表的溫度分布產(chǎn)生影響,也記錄了月球形成與演化的歷史,對月球資源探測、開發(fā)及利用具有重要意義,因此對月球次表層結(jié)構(gòu)與月表溫度的研究歷來是科學(xué)家們重視的課題。 我國相繼發(fā)射了“嫦娥一號”(CE-1)和“嫦娥二號”(CE-2)繞月衛(wèi)星,在國際上首次搭載了多通道微波輻射計對全月表的熱輻射進行測量,獲得了月表面微波頻段輻射亮度溫度信息,并將下一步CE-3在月球虹灣地區(qū)登陸的計劃提上日程。 本文由輻射傳輸理論出發(fā),結(jié)合分層月壤結(jié)構(gòu)與電磁波的相互作用機理,充分考慮月球地質(zhì)信息對熱輻射的影響,由CE-1微波輻射計的輻射亮度溫度對月壤厚度,月球表面物理溫度晝夜變化以及影響月球表面溫度晝夜變化及異常的因素做了探討,同時提出了由CE-1微波輻射計觀測結(jié)果直接確定月壤介電常數(shù)的方法,從微波熱輻射的角度,對月球的地質(zhì)信息的反演提供可行的方法。 首先,針對CE-3可能登陸的虹灣地區(qū)的物理溫度晝夜變化展開研究。根據(jù)CE-1的微波輻射計觀測數(shù)據(jù),由月球地面坐標系與以虹灣地區(qū)中心點為新極點的坐標系之間的轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系,由CE-1微波輻射計數(shù)據(jù)中給出的太陽入射角和方位角信息來確定虹灣地區(qū)所處的月球當(dāng)?shù)貢r間,然后再利用CE-1微波輻射計高頻通道19.35GHz和37.0GHz對虹灣地區(qū)的微波輻射觀測結(jié)果,結(jié)合月壤三層微波輻射模型,反演了虹灣地區(qū)的物理溫度,給出了虹灣地區(qū)月塵層與月壤層物理溫度隨月球時間的變化情況,并將物理溫度的反演結(jié)果與“先知者號”(Diviner)紅外探測儀的觀測結(jié)果做了對比,對影響虹灣地區(qū)溫度分布的因素做了討論。 其次,在月球兩極等高緯度地區(qū),由于太陽光線的傾角較大,因此月表地形對高緯度地區(qū)的溫度分布會產(chǎn)生較大的影響。通過CE-1衛(wèi)星多通道微波輻射計對月球兩極的觀測數(shù)據(jù),可以對月球環(huán)形山地形影響下的輻射亮度溫度分布做出討論。事實上,影響月球表面的物理溫度分布的因素有很多,除了地形與緯度外,同一地點的月表溫度也隨月壤深度變化而改變。選取赤道和沿經(jīng)度150°W作為目標區(qū)域,在改進的具有物理溫度分布廓線的月壤兩層模型的輻射傳輸理論基礎(chǔ)上,首先通過多通道微波輻射計高頻通道數(shù)據(jù),對月壤溫度廓線進行反演,再結(jié)合穿透能力較強的低頻通道觀測數(shù)據(jù),完成月壤厚度的反演,反演結(jié)果分別與以往物理溫度隨緯度變化的經(jīng)驗性分布以及月壤厚度的反演結(jié)果作了比較與驗證。 再次,通過地基天文望遠鏡進行的月食期間月球表面紅外輻射圖像掃描,發(fā)現(xiàn)在月食過程中太陽光照迅速消失的情況下,月表面有大量的溫度異常“熱點”,其熱輻射要明顯高于周圍環(huán)境,而在CE-1對月球表面微波輻射亮度溫度觀測中,這些在月食期間紅外輻射“熱點”對應(yīng)的是月球白天微波頻段觀測的“熱點”,以及月球夜間微波熱輻射的“冷點”。 為了解釋這些熱輻射晝夜變化中出現(xiàn)的異�，F(xiàn)象,并比較不同地區(qū)月球表面晝夜輻射溫差的變化情況,選取了在相近緯度上兩種典型的環(huán)形山區(qū)域：一是表面存在大量離散巖石塊分布的新生環(huán)形山代表第谷環(huán)形山,另一是經(jīng)歷了長期隕石沖擊粉碎與月球地質(zhì)演變的不再有大量巖石塊分布的典型環(huán)形山莫洛利卡斯環(huán)形山,討論這兩個區(qū)域內(nèi)的“嫦娥一號”微波輻射亮度溫度分布的晝夜變化,并與美國探月任務(wù)月球軌道勘測器中搭載的紅外探測儀Diviner在對應(yīng)區(qū)域的紅外測量做了對比。以月表三層模型的輻射傳輸為基礎(chǔ),從“嫦娥一號”衛(wèi)星微波輻射計數(shù)據(jù)反演了這兩處環(huán)行山區(qū)域月壤層的物理溫度的晝夜變化及其分布,將月表面物理溫度晝夜變化與紅外觀測結(jié)果做了比較,解釋了月球表面“熱點”與“冷點”的異�，F(xiàn)象與月表面新生環(huán)形山大量分布的高熱傳導(dǎo)高熱慣性巖石塊分布密切相關(guān)的原因,從月球地質(zhì)信息的角度對月表溫度分布的異�，F(xiàn)象做出理論解釋。 再其次,月球表面月壤介質(zhì)的介電特性等會影響電磁發(fā)射率以及電磁波在月壤介質(zhì)中的反射和衰減,因此在實際觀測的月表微波熱輻射中也包含了月表的地質(zhì)和介電特性等信息,這也是由CE-1微波輻射計觀測數(shù)據(jù)來反演月表介電特性的物理基礎(chǔ)。選取具備熱流實驗可以予以驗證的Apollo15地區(qū),以及赤道月陸地區(qū),首先建立可靠的月壤體積密度廓線模型,由時域有限差分方法求解對應(yīng)區(qū)域的一維熱擴散方程,得到物理溫度在各個月球時間,隨月壤深度的變化。再通過CE-1四通道微波輻射計觀測數(shù)據(jù),在輻射傳輸理論的基礎(chǔ)上,由最小二乘法反演得到月表對各個通道不同頻率電磁波的反射率以及吸收系數(shù),再由反射率及吸收系數(shù)與月壤介電常數(shù)的關(guān)系,確定月壤復(fù)介電常數(shù),并將反演結(jié)果與以往通過Clementine或Lunar Prospector光學(xué)反射率數(shù)據(jù)反演得到的FeO與TiO2含量為基礎(chǔ)來確定月壤介電常數(shù)的結(jié)果作了比較與驗證。 最后,作為本文被動微波遙感的擴展部分,還將對主動遙感手段的雷達探測儀成像原理進行介紹,并在此基礎(chǔ)上開發(fā)了一款可視化軟件,為用戶提供友好的參數(shù)化界面,可以模擬產(chǎn)生表面起伏的環(huán)形山地形,并對該地形下的雷達探測儀回波進行模擬,來反映月球次表層結(jié)構(gòu)在雷達探測儀回波中的表現(xiàn),為由真實回波數(shù)據(jù)來反演行星次表層結(jié)構(gòu)及分析物質(zhì)成分等信息做理論準備。 本文利用微波輻射傳輸理論,在月壤分層模型的基礎(chǔ)上,將CE-1微波輻射計觀測數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用到對月表物理溫度分布,月壤厚度反演以及月壤介電常數(shù)確定等工作中,將我國探月成果應(yīng)用到實際月球參數(shù)反演中,希望能為今后探月事業(yè)的發(fā)展初步解決部分基本問題并提供一些理論依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:In the long geological evolution process, the surface of the moon due to volcano geological activities and the impact of foreign small meteorite bodies, and gradually formed a topographic structure to crater as the main landform, and the formation of the lunar regolith layer covering almost the entire surface of the moon. The moon is lack of atmosphere, long-term exposure in the regolith layer in the space environment to accept solar wind particles and cosmic rays, contains abundant chemical elements with economic value, such as available for human use of clean energy such as 3He, so the lunar regolith thickness inversion is an important index to estimate the energy of the moon. The moon's geological structure will not only have an impact on temperature distribution the surface of the moon, also recorded the history of formation and evolution of the moon, lunar exploration resources, plays an important role in the development and utilization, so the lunar subsurface structure and surface temperature Research has always been a subject that scientists have paid much attention to.
Our country has launched the "chang-e-i" (CE-1) and "the No. two" (CE-2) satellite to orbit the moon for the first time in the world, equipped with a multi channel microwave radiometer thermal radiation on the whole surface of the microwave measurement, April surface brightness temperature and frequency information, the next step will be landing CE-3 in the rainbow Moon Bay area is on the agenda.
The radiative transfer theory, combined with the hierarchical structure of lunar regolith and the electromagnetic wave interaction mechanism, fully consider the lunar geological information influence on thermal radiation, radiation brightness temperature of lunar regolith thickness by CE-1 microwave radiometer, the lunar surface temperature diurnal variation and effect of the lunar surface temperature diurnal variation and abnormal factors are discussed at the same time, put forward by CE-1 microwave radiation method to directly determine the regolith dielectric constant meter observation results, microwave radiation from the hot point of view, inversion geological information on the moon to provide a feasible method.
First of all, to study the physical temperature diurnal variation of CE-3 may be landing rainbow Bay area. According to the observation data of CE-1 meter microwave radiation from the lunar ground coordinates with rainbow Bay Area Center for conversion between the new pole coordinate system, by CE-1 microwave radiation counting according to the given in the solar incident angle and azimuth angle information to determine the local time at the rainbow Moon Bay area, and then use the CE-1 microwave radiometer observations of microwave radiation of high frequency channel of 19.35GHz and 37.0GHz on the rainbow Bay area, with three regolith layer microwave radiation model, physical temperature inversion of the rainbow Bay area, given the rainbow Bay area top layer and soil the physical layer temperature changes with time of the moon, and the inversion results and the physical temperature of the "prophet" (Diviner) infrared detector observation results were compared, the temperature distribution of rainbow Bay Area The factors were discussed.
Secondly, at the lunar poles and high latitude regions, because the angle of sun light is large, so the lunar terrain and high latitudes of the temperature distribution will have a greater impact. Meter observation data of the lunar poles by CE-1 satellite multi channel microwave radiation, can the brightness temperature distribution on the lunar crater topography under the influence will be discussed in detail. In fact, there are many factors that influence the lunar surface temperature distribution, in addition to topography and latitude, the same place with the surface temperature of lunar regolith depth changes. From the equator and along the longitude 150 degrees W as the target area, the improved temperature distribution of regolith profile two layer model the radiative transfer theory, first through multi channel microwave radiometer high frequency data, the lunar regolith temperature profile inversion, combined with low frequency channel observation data of strong penetration ability, complete The inversion results of lunar soil thickness are compared with the empirical distribution of previous physical temperature variations along with latitude and the results of the inversion of lunar soil thickness.
Again, this eclipse lunar surface infrared radiation image scanning by ground-based telescope, discovered in the eclipse of the sun light quickly disappear, there are a large number of abnormal temperature of "hot spots" month surface, the thermal radiation is higher than that of the surrounding environment, and in the CE-1 on the lunar surface microwave radiation brightness temperature observations. The infrared radiation during the eclipse "hot spot" is corresponding to the lunar day microwave observation "hot spots", as well as the moon night microwave thermal radiation "cold."
In order to explain these anomalies diurnal variations in thermal radiation, and to compare the changes in different regions of the lunar surface and radiation temperature difference, selected in similar two typical crater area latitude: one is the existence of a large number of discrete surface rocks distribution of new craters on behalf of Tycho, another is long meteorite impact crushing and the evolution of the lunar rocks distribution is no longer a large number of typical crater crater Castro Rowley Mo to discuss this, within the two regions of Chang'e-1 microwave radiation brightness temperature distribution of diurnal variations, and is equipped with the United States mission the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in infrared detector Diviner in infrared measurement the corresponding regions are compared. On the radiative transfer model of three layers based on the lunar surface, from the satellite microwave data inversion of the two ring Hill radiation The diurnal variation and distribution of physical temperature of lunar regolith layer, the surface temperature may change and physical and infrared observations have been compared, explained the abnormal phenomenon of the surface of the moon "hot" and "cold" and a large number of new craters month surface distribution of high heat conduction and high thermal inertia rock mass distribution is closely related to the causes. To explain abnormal phenomena from the perspective of geological information on lunar surface temperature distribution.
Then, the surface of the moon regolith dielectric characteristics will affect the rate and the reflection of electromagnetic wave in the lunar regolith and attenuation of electromagnetic emission, it also includes the surface geology and dielectric properties and other information on the lunar surface microwave thermal radiation observed in physics, which is the basis of CE-1 by micro wave radiometer data to the electrical characteristics of lunar surface. With the selection of inversion of dielectric flux experiments can be verified in the Apollo15 area, and the monthly land area, first to establish a reliable soil bulk density profile model, one-dimensional heat by finite difference time domain method for solving the corresponding region of the diffusion equation, get the physical temperature in each time changes with the moon, the lunar regolith depth. Then the meter observation data through the CE-1 four channel microwave radiation, based on radiative transfer theory, get the surface of each channel with different frequency of electromagnetic wave by least squares inversion The emission rate and absorption coefficient, the reflectivity and absorption coefficient and regolith dielectric constant, determine the complex dielectric constant of lunar soil, and the inversion results with the past by FeO and the content of TiO2 Clementine or Lunar Prospector optical reflectance data inversion as the basis to determine the regolith dielectric constant is compared and verification.
The last part of this paper, as an extension of the passive microwave remote sensing, the radar detector imaging principle of active remote sensing methods are introduced, and based on the development of a visualization software, provide parameterized friendly interface for users, which can simulate the surface fluctuation of crater terrain, and the terrain under the radar echo sounder by simulation, to reflect the performance of lunar subsurface structure on radar echo in the grounds of the real echo data to retrieve the planet subsurface structure and analysis of material composition information theory.
This paper used the microwave radiative transfer theory, based on the hierarchical model of the lunar regolith, CE-1 microwave radiometer observation data is applied to the temperature distribution of the surface of the moon, the lunar regolith thickness inversion and regolith dielectric constant to determine the work, will be applied to actual lunar exploration achievements of China's lunar parameters inversion, the hope for the future development the lunar exploration career initially solved some basic issues and provide some theoretical basis.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：P184.5;V476.3

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