本文關(guān)鍵詞：四川盆地紅層巖體主要水利水電工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題系統(tǒng)研究，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

        紅層分布于世界各地，中國(guó)境內(nèi)的紅層主要是分布于西北、西南及華南地區(qū)，尤以四川盆地分布最為廣泛，也最為連續(xù)和典型。四川盆地人口密集，工農(nóng)業(yè)等十分發(fā)達(dá)。然而，四川盆地紅層地區(qū)水資源總量不足，徑流時(shí)程分布不均，干旱、洪澇災(zāi)害頻發(fā)；就水能資源而言，雖然盆地區(qū)弱于川西高原地區(qū)，但其距離用電負(fù)荷中心近、交通發(fā)達(dá)，開(kāi)發(fā)條件良好。四川盆地紅層區(qū)已有了眾多的水利水電工程實(shí)踐，積累了大量成功的工程實(shí)例和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，同時(shí)也存在諸如黑龍灘水庫(kù)壩基巖體滑動(dòng)、高鳳山電站壩基石膏溶蝕、回龍宮隧洞膨脹巖等工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題。目前四川盆地紅層地區(qū)水能資源開(kāi)發(fā)只完成資源總量的近50%、水利工程灌面建成率僅為11.5％，因而未來(lái)四川盆地紅層區(qū)的水利、水電工程建設(shè)存在廣闊發(fā)展前景。因此，對(duì)四川盆地紅層巖體特性及其水利水電工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)、深入地歸納、分析與研究，在研究基礎(chǔ)上有重多的工程實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)，在工程實(shí)踐中有廣泛的實(shí)際需求，在成果應(yīng)用上具有廣闊的前景。為此，作者二十年多年100余項(xiàng)四川盆地紅層地區(qū)大中型水利水電工程實(shí)踐為依托，，結(jié)合國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)資料，對(duì)四川盆地紅層巖體的主要水利水電工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究，以為在四川盆地紅層區(qū)實(shí)施的“再造一個(gè)都江堰”的水利發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，合理、有效地開(kāi)發(fā)、保護(hù)水能和水利資源，提供一定的理論支撐和方法依據(jù)。本文在對(duì)四川盆地紅層建造－改造特征研究的基礎(chǔ)上，總結(jié)了盆地紅層巖性、巖相以及紅層巖性組合特征在盆地上的分布規(guī)律；通過(guò)對(duì)四川盆地紅層區(qū)巖體物理力學(xué)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的分析，得出了紅層巖石及巖體的物理力學(xué)參數(shù)，同時(shí)還從沉積建造、構(gòu)造與表生改造方面分析論述了四川盆地紅層巖體的結(jié)構(gòu)特征，然后對(duì)其進(jìn)行了工程地質(zhì)分區(qū)。在此基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)水利水電工程建壩的紅層巖體穩(wěn)定問(wèn)題及滲漏問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了分析研究；論文最后研究了與紅層巖體類巖溶及膨脹相關(guān)的水利水電工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題。論文的主要成果如下：（1）依托100余項(xiàng)四川盆地紅層地區(qū)的水利水電工程實(shí)例，論文系統(tǒng)分析總結(jié)了紅層巖體的物理力學(xué)和巖體結(jié)構(gòu)特征，以及相應(yīng)的水利水電工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題，提出了紅層壩基巖體變形、抗滑、滲漏問(wèn)題的基本模式和相應(yīng)工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題的評(píng)價(jià)方法，為系統(tǒng)分析、評(píng)價(jià)紅層巖體水利水電工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題提供了基本的思路和方法。（2）通過(guò)對(duì)從侏羅紀(jì)到第三紀(jì)紅層沉積相、巖性組合隨地質(zhì)時(shí)代的變化及其在盆地空間上的展布特征研究，得到了四川盆地紅層巖石的建造特征。（3）基于四川盆地紅層巖石近800余組試驗(yàn)資料的分類、統(tǒng)計(jì)、分析，得到了四川盆地紅層巖石總體上屬于軟巖，其中，砂巖類巖石屬于較軟巖（15～31Mpa），泥質(zhì)巖類巖石屬于軟巖（5～15MPa）或極軟巖（小于5Mpa）；紅層巖體總體上質(zhì)地軟弱，結(jié)構(gòu)上為軟硬相間的層狀巖體，軟弱夾層大多沿砂泥巖界面或在泥質(zhì)巖類軟巖中作順層分布。雖然四川盆地紅層巖石總體上屬于軟巖范疇，但少數(shù)紅層砂巖類巖石屬于中硬堅(jiān)硬巖石，泥質(zhì)巖類巖石則屬于較軟巖中硬巖;這類強(qiáng)度較高的紅層主要分布于四川盆地周邊的西北部地區(qū)；紅層巖石強(qiáng)度在盆地空間上的這種分布特點(diǎn)與其沉積環(huán)境的差別有關(guān)。（4）根據(jù)紅層巖石建造及構(gòu)造改造主控因素，結(jié)合地貌、水文地質(zhì)條件等，將四川盆地紅層巖體劃分為3個(gè)工程地質(zhì)分區(qū)，即盆西北區(qū)（Ⅰ）、盆中區(qū)（Ⅱ）、盆東區(qū)（Ⅲ），其中盆西北區(qū)（Ⅰ）又分為盆東亞區(qū)（Ⅰ-1）及盆北亞區(qū)（Ⅰ-2），并分析評(píng)價(jià)了各區(qū)的主要工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題。（5）基于紅層巖體結(jié)構(gòu)特征，提出了紅層壩基巖體變形的9中類別及抗滑穩(wěn)定的9種模式。論文歸納總結(jié)了影響每一類壩基巖體變形及抗滑的主要地質(zhì)要素，并提出了相關(guān)問(wèn)題的工程地質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)要點(diǎn)。（6）通過(guò)對(duì)紅層巖體透水帶形成的地質(zhì)過(guò)程分析，依據(jù)近4000組壓水試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)、分析成果，提出了紅層巖體滲透特性能主要受風(fēng)化、卸荷等表生改造作用控制的觀點(diǎn)。采用數(shù)值模擬分析了紅層地區(qū)壩基、壩肩滲漏的基本規(guī)律，提出了紅層壩基滲流控制的主要對(duì)象是透水的風(fēng)化帶巖體，即防滲帷幕長(zhǎng)度穿過(guò)風(fēng)化帶進(jìn)入新鮮巖體適當(dāng)深度即可。（7）基于銅頭電站工程實(shí)例分析，得到了礫巖類巖溶發(fā)育強(qiáng)度小于常規(guī)灰?guī)r巖溶強(qiáng)度的原因是其可溶性組分（CaO/MgO）差異決定的；基于四川盆地白堊系含膏鹽紅層類巖溶的分析，提出用K＝(ABS(Vp類巖溶-Vp新鮮)／Vp新鮮)×100％來(lái)作為類巖溶強(qiáng)度評(píng)價(jià)因子；通過(guò)巖體聲波Vp與巖體工程力學(xué)指標(biāo)的回歸關(guān)系，提出用類巖溶巖體聲波Vp值來(lái)定量評(píng)價(jià)類巖溶弱化作用對(duì)巖體力學(xué)指標(biāo)影響的初步方法。（8）以回龍宮隧洞圍巖膨脹導(dǎo)致襯砌變形破壞機(jī)制的定性及數(shù)值模擬分析為典型實(shí)例，提出了膨脹巖隧洞施工、設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)。

    Red bed rock distributes all around the world, and in China, most of it distributesin Northwest, Southwest and South of China, especially, it distributes widely,continuously and typically in Sichuan Basin, with dense population and advancedinfrastructure of industry and agriculture being there. However, total amount of waterresources in Sichuan Basin is poor, runoff-time pattern is not uniform, draught andflood happen very often, these have resticted the development of industry andagriculture. As for the water energy, it is less than West Mountain Area of SichuanProvince, but Sichuan basin area is closer to the demanded centre and with easytransportation condition, so the development condition of hydro power is better.Hence, there is much experience about water resources and hydro-electricity projectsin Sichuan Basin, which have built up a large amount of successful engineeringexamples and experience, meanwhile, there are some kinds of engineering geologicalproblems exist, such as, dam foundation rock sliding beneath the dam of HelongtanReservior Project; gypsum erosion of in dam foundation rock of GaofengshanHydro-power Project; rock-swelling in Huilonggon Tunnel,etc..At present, just half of water energy projects had been completed whilebuilt-ratio of irrigation area is only about11.5%in Red-bed rock area of the Basin, sothe water resources and hydro power construction in Sichuan red bed basin area has alarger development foreground in the future.Therefore, as for achievements or results of systematic and profound summary,analysis and researches on red bed rock property and its engineering geologicalproblems, there is much more project experience and lessons about the researchfoundation, wide real demand for the project practice, large and wide appliedforeground. According to the above, based on almost100large or medium water resourcesand hydro-power projects in Sichuan basin red bed rock area, the author with morethan20years work experience, refering to relative data in or out of China, carried outsystematical researches on major engineering geological problems in Sichuan Basinred bed rock mass, to provide theoretical and methological supporting for protectingand developing water resources&hydropower appropriately and effectively.Based on researches of red bed rock formation–transformation characters inSichuan Basin, the distributed rule of red bed rock lithologic characters, lithfacies andlitho-stratigraphic combination character is summarized in the dissertation, and thenthe physico-mechanical parameters come out through the analysis onphysico-mechanical test data of red bed rock in Sichuan Basin. Also, analysis anddiscussion on structure character about rock deposit formation of red bed rock massand it’s tectonically and epigenic transformation was finished, then, engineeringgeological zoning is going on. According to these above, researches on red bed rockstability and leakage problems in dam foundation have been carried out. At last,researches on some other particular geological problems in water resources andhydro-power project related to red bed rock mass such as pseudo-karst and swelling isdiscussed in the dissertation. Some major results of the dissertations are:（1）Based on almost100water resources and hydro-power project in SichuanBasin, the physico-mechanical and characters of red bed rock mass and some relatedgeological problems are systematically summarized; basic models of deformation andanti-sliding of dam foundation, as well as leakage of red bed dam rock mass with theirassessment methods are put forward, which provide basic thought-ways and methodsfor systematical analysis and evaluation on red bed rock mass engineeringgeological problems in water resources and hydro-power project.（2）Based he researches on the evolvement sedimentary facies, distributing andlitho-stratigraphic combination characters of red bed rock from Jurassic to Tertiarythroughout Sichuan basin, the thesis found the formation characters of the red bed inSichuan basin.（3）Based on the classifying, statistics and analyzing on test results nearly800sets of red bed rock in Sichuan basin,the thesis found that red bed rock is generally ofsoft rock,that is to say, the sand rock belongs to relative-soft rock（Rb=15～30Mpa）,pelitic rock in red bed rock area all belongs to soft rock（Rb=5～15MPa）or very-softrock（Rb≤5Mpa）. Generally speakihg, red bed rock is of soft rock, and the red bedrock mass is of hard layers and soft layere alternately in structure,the soft intercalationof the red bed rock mass usually exists between sand rock and pelitic rock or withinpelitic rock, and it spreads along the stratification plane of the rock. Authough red bedrok is generally belongs to soft rock, some sand rock is of mediumhard（Rb=3060MPa） to hard rock（≥60MPa）,some pelitic rock is is of relative soft rock（Rb=15～30Mpa）to medium hard（Rb=3060MPa）;these kind of red bedrelatively harder mainly exists northweast of Sichuan basin; the spacial distributingcharacters about the strenth of red bed rock throughout the Sichuan basin hassomething to do with the sedimentary environment.（4）According to the major factor of red bed rock formation and tectonictransformation, taking account of the topographic and hydrogeological condition etc.,the red bed rock mass in Sichuan basin is divided into3geological zones, that is:Northwest Basin zone （I）, Center Basin zone（II）, East Basin zone（III）; furtherlyNorthwest Basin zone （I） is divided into2secondary sector, Secondary East Basinsector（Ⅰ-1）and Secondary North Basin sector（Ⅰ-2）, also, the main geologicalproblems in the each zone has been analyzed and evaluated.（5）Based on the red bed rock mass structure characters,9classes of damfoundation deformation and9kind of model about anti-sliding stability of damfoundation is put foreword. The main geological elementary factor about each damfoundation deformation and anti-sliding stability are summarized, and the evaluationpoints to the corresponding problems is also put foreword in the dissertation.（6）Through the analysis on geological forming process of permeable zone in redbed rock mass, based on statistic and analyzing nearly4000sets of water-pressuretests data, the viewpoint that the formation of the permeability of red bed rock mass ismainly controlled by epigenic transformation such as weathering and unloading action.By numerical modeling and analyzing, basic rules of percolation through damfoundation and abutment,as well as the mainly designing points of anti-percolation inred bed rock area is gotten, that is to say, the objects of the anti percolation is thepermeable weatering rock mass, it is enough and safe for the projects.that the antipercolation curtain is just need going through weathered zone and gets into fresh rockwith suitable depth or length.（7）Based on the analyzing of Tongtou Project, the dissertation found that theintensity of pseudo-karst of conglomerate is lower than that of limestone, which iscontrolled or dominated by the difference of soluble components（CaO/MgO）ofthem. According to the analyzing on the erosion of red bed with gypsum K＝(ABS(Vppseduo-karst-Vpfresh)／Vpfresh)×100％,as an intensity evaluation factor ofpseudo-karst action is bring forward. Through the regression relationship analyzingbetween Vpand rock mass engineering mechanical index, a method for quantitativeevaluating the pseudo-karst weakening effect concerning rock mechanical index byrock mass sound wave value Vpis also put foreward in the dissertation.（8）Based on the typical project example about swelling of surrounding rockleads to liner brokening in Huilonggong Tunnel, according to the qualitative analysisand quantitative modeling of the deformation and failure mechanics, main points for constructing and designing in swelling rock tunnel is put forward.

四川盆地紅層巖體主要水利水電工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題系統(tǒng)研究

摘要4-6Abstract6-9目錄10-14第1章 引言14-36    1.1 立題依據(jù)與研究意義14-22        1.1.1 中國(guó)紅層區(qū)水利水電工程建設(shè)及常見(jiàn)的工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題15-17        1.1.2 四川盆地紅層與水利與水電建設(shè)工程17-21        1.1.3 選題依據(jù)及研究意義21-22    1.2 國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀22-31        1.2.1 紅層形成的地質(zhì)環(huán)境22-23        1.2.2 紅層的巖石學(xué)特征23-24        1.2.3 紅層巖體工程特征24-25        1.2.4 紅層壩基巖體穩(wěn)定25-27        1.2.5 紅層壩基巖體滲漏27-28        1.2.6 紅層巖體的特殊地質(zhì)問(wèn)題28-31    1.3 存在的主要問(wèn)題31-32    1.4 研究思路與技術(shù)路線32-34    1.5 論文主要研究?jī)?nèi)容及創(chuàng)新成果34-36        1.5.1 主要研究?jī)?nèi)容34        1.5.2 論文創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)34-36第2章 四川盆地紅層巖體建造-改造特征研究36-70    2.1 概述36-37    2.2 四川盆地紅層成巖期巖相古地理演化史37-44        2.2.1 陸內(nèi)坳陷盆地沉積期（J_1～J_2）38-40        2.2.2 山前坳陷盆地沉積期（J_2～K_1）40-42        2.2.3 陸內(nèi)盆地萎縮期（K_1~E）42-44    2.3 四川盆地紅層沉積環(huán)境、沉積相與巖性組合模式44-54        2.3.1 紅層巖石沉積環(huán)境和沉積相44-50        2.3.2 四川盆地的紅層巖石的巖性組合50-54    2.4 紅層的巖石學(xué)特征54-61        2.4.1 物質(zhì)組成54-60        2.4.2 結(jié)構(gòu)與構(gòu)造60-61    2.5 構(gòu)造及表生改造作用61-68        2.5.1 構(gòu)造改造作用62-65        2.5.2 表生改造作用65-68    2.6 小結(jié)68-70第3章 紅層巖體物理力學(xué)特征70-110    3.1 與紅層巖體物理力學(xué)指標(biāo)相關(guān)的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題70-72        3.1.1 與紅層巖石及巖體相關(guān)的概念及紅層巖體分類70-71        3.1.2 紅層巖石（體）的物理力學(xué)指標(biāo)分類71-72    3.2 巖石物理力學(xué)特征72-87        3.2.1 不同時(shí)代巖石的物理力學(xué)試驗(yàn)成果統(tǒng)計(jì)分析73-76        3.2.2 各類巖石物理力學(xué)指標(biāo)特征76-85        3.2.3 巖石物理指標(biāo)與力學(xué)指標(biāo)關(guān)系分析85-87    3.3 巖體力學(xué)特征87-107        3.3.1 紅層巖體結(jié)構(gòu)特征概述87-89        3.3.2 力學(xué)參數(shù)及其取值概述89        3.3.3 紅層巖體現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)成果及相關(guān)規(guī)律89-101        3.3.4 紅層巖體軟弱夾層特征分析101-107    3.4 小結(jié)107-110第4章 四川盆地紅層工程地質(zhì)分區(qū)及水利水電工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題概述110-120    4.1 四川盆地紅層工程地質(zhì)分區(qū)110-112        4.1.1 工程地質(zhì)分區(qū)的形成及分區(qū)要素110-111        4.1.2 工程地質(zhì)分區(qū)111-112    4.2 紅層地區(qū)與壩型選擇的工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題112-117        4.2.1 紅層壩基巖體總體特征及其建壩適宜性的初步評(píng)價(jià)113-115        4.2.2 大壩所需天然建筑材料特點(diǎn)及總體評(píng)價(jià)115-117        4.2.3 壩型選擇及已建水利水電工程壩型統(tǒng)計(jì)分析117    4.3 紅層巖體水利水電工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題概述117-118        4.3.1 紅層建壩巖體穩(wěn)定問(wèn)題118        4.3.2 紅層巖體滲漏118        4.3.3 紅層巖體特殊工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題118    4.4 小結(jié)118-120第5章 紅層壩基巖體穩(wěn)定分析120-135    5.1 紅層壩基巖體變形120-127        5.1.1 概述120-121        5.1.2 與壩基巖體變形相關(guān)的紅層壩基巖體分類121-122        5.1.3 各類巖體主要變形特點(diǎn)及其變形問(wèn)題分析122-125        5.1.4 不同變形類別的紅層壩基巖體工程實(shí)例125-127        5.1.5 小結(jié)127    5.2 紅層壩基巖體抗滑穩(wěn)定127-135        5.2.1 概述127-128        5.2.2 紅層巖體抗剪強(qiáng)度特點(diǎn)128        5.2.3 紅層巖體壩基抗滑穩(wěn)定類型128-132        5.2.4 紅層巖體壩基抗滑穩(wěn)定工程實(shí)例分析132-133        5.2.5 小結(jié)133-135第6章 紅層滲漏問(wèn)題研究135-157    6.1 紅層透水帶的形成與分布135-137        6.1.1 透水帶的形成135-136        6.1.2 紅層河谷巖體透水帶分布特點(diǎn)136-137    6.2 紅層巖體透水帶特點(diǎn)137-139        6.2.1 與滲透特性相關(guān)紅層巖體分類137-138        6.2.2 不同類別紅層巖體滲透特點(diǎn)138-139    6.3 壩址區(qū)滲漏與防滲設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)139-155        6.3.1 概述139-142        6.3.2 河床壩基滲漏的數(shù)值模擬分析142-146        6.3.3 繞壩滲漏的數(shù)值模擬分析146-151        6.3.4 紅層巖體壩址區(qū)滲漏評(píng)價(jià)151-155    6.4 壩址區(qū)防滲設(shè)計(jì)原則及要點(diǎn)探討155-157第7章 紅層巖體特殊工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題157-179    7.1 紅層類巖溶157-168        7.1.1 礫巖類巖溶157-161        7.1.2 含膏鹽的泥質(zhì)巖類巖溶161-168    7.2 類巖溶小結(jié)168-169    7.3 紅層膨脹巖169-179        7.3.1 概述170-172        7.3.2 膨脹巖與引水隧洞圍巖的變形破壞實(shí)例分析172-175        7.3.3 膨脹圍巖隧洞襯砌變形破壞機(jī)制分析175-177        7.3.4 膨脹巖隧洞設(shè)計(jì)施工要點(diǎn)177-179結(jié)論179-182參考文獻(xiàn)182-188致謝188-189攻讀博士學(xué)位期間取得的主要學(xué)術(shù)成果189    1. 參與的科研項(xiàng)目189    2. 公開(kāi)發(fā)表的學(xué)術(shù)論文189

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