【摘要】：經(jīng)數(shù)十年注水開發(fā),世界上很多老油田,已進入高含水、特高含水階段。美國東德克薩斯油田、福特杰拉爾丁油田,俄羅斯庫列紹夫油田等含水都已達97%,平均采出程度大于50%,東德克薩斯油田采出程度甚至達到了77.5%。中國很多油田,也是先后進入特高含水期,即,含水達90%以上,尤其是大慶、勝利、大港、中原、河南、江漢等地。對于注水開發(fā)油田,不同含水階段,含水上升速度是不一樣的。中低含水期,含水上升速度隨含水上升增大,大于5%；中高含水期,含水達到80%以后,含水上升速度減緩,幾乎穩(wěn)定在1%以內(nèi)。油田在進入特高含水開發(fā)階段后,開發(fā)規(guī)律與中高含水期不同,井網(wǎng)也發(fā)生很大變化,砂巖油藏注水開發(fā)后期,挖潛對象發(fā)生變化,水動力學調(diào)整技術(shù)實施效果變差,難以適應(yīng)地下油藏情況。特高含水期油藏,采油速度很低、耗水量比較大、剩余油尤其分散、井況逐漸惡化、開發(fā)效益降低等特點,但是,從動用儲量以及年產(chǎn)量看,高含水老油田依舊是開發(fā)主體,它的年產(chǎn)油量和剩余可采儲量,在全國占有非常重要的地位,而且,地下依然還有大量原油地質(zhì)儲量沒有被開采出來,所以,特高含水油田采收率,是制約國家持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要經(jīng)濟因素,尤其是,在現(xiàn)有的經(jīng)濟技術(shù)條件下,它的采收率的提高,具有進一步提升的潛力。本文首先研究了國內(nèi)外特高含水期油藏基本特點、國內(nèi)外油藏概況,分析了特高含水期油藏剩余油分布特征,然后系統(tǒng)、全面概括了特高含水油田,繼續(xù)水驅(qū)、聚合物驅(qū)、氮驅(qū)、注凝膠驅(qū)、水氣交注驅(qū)、CO2驅(qū)等七種提高采收率技術(shù)方法的基本原理、發(fā)展情況、適合油藏,做了一個全面系統(tǒng)地整合。1)繼續(xù)水驅(qū),對于注水開發(fā)的特高含水油田,處于高采出階段,仍殘有大量剩余油,通過同井分層注水技術(shù)、注采系統(tǒng)調(diào)整技術(shù)、周期注水技術(shù),可以大大改善開發(fā)效果,有效的提高采收率。2)氮驅(qū),有很大潛力成為進一步提高采收率的重要接替技術(shù)。油田進入特高含水期后,層內(nèi)縱向水淹情況差異巨大,水竄極為嚴重。在進一步提高開采效率過程中,如何在驅(qū)油同時,抑制注入水沿高滲透部位的突進,是很有必要要解決的。氮氣泡沫驅(qū)替液,進入滲透率高含油飽和度低部位,封堵儲層,也能被誘導(dǎo)進入滲透率低、含油飽和度高部位驅(qū)替原油。3)聚合物驅(qū),作為提高原油采收率的方法之一,使注入流體粘度提高,改變了油水兩相流度比,從而擴大波及體積。水驅(qū)油時,當水油流度比)1,水的流動能力比原油強,發(fā)生指進現(xiàn)象,波及系數(shù)低。加入聚合物后,降低了溶液滲入地層的能力,提高粘度,減緩了溶液流動。其次,水在油藏滲流部位流動阻力增加了,波及效率提高了。4)凝膠驅(qū),即：聚合物溶液在一定條件下,形成的特殊、分散體系,是在常規(guī)聚合物驅(qū)基礎(chǔ)上,發(fā)展起來的一種具驅(qū)替、調(diào)剖雙重功效新型的驅(qū)油技術(shù)。它能大幅度改善流度比,緩解層間矛盾,從而提高采收率,具有較好應(yīng)用前景。在一定壓力下,調(diào)剖劑在地層孔道中,生成高分子有機凝膠,封堵了高滲透吸水層,使注入水轉(zhuǎn)向,避免了“舌進”現(xiàn)象,注入水轉(zhuǎn)向進入中、低滲透層,從而使吸水面比較均勻。5)水氣交注驅(qū),該技術(shù),克服空氣驅(qū)“氣竄”缺點,將水驅(qū)和空氣驅(qū)有機結(jié)合起來,向水驅(qū)后油層注氣,降低水相滲透率,從而降低水的流度,縮小水油流度比差,擴大水的波及體積。該技術(shù)非常適合于低滲、非均質(zhì)嚴重、大孔道油藏,可以解決很多技術(shù)難題：如我國中西部地區(qū)低滲、特低滲油田注水開發(fā)中,局部地區(qū)缺水、注水井注水難、生產(chǎn)井地層嚴重虧空、油井采出水對環(huán)境污染等等,還可以促進我國中西部油氣資源高效開發(fā)。中原、吐哈、華北油田,都進行過現(xiàn)場水氣交注、非混相驅(qū)實驗,取得不錯的效果。6)CO2驅(qū)油技術(shù),滿足特高含水油田提高采收率需求,還可解決C02封存問題,保護大氣環(huán)境。該技術(shù)適用于常規(guī)油藏,可以明顯提高低滲、特低滲透油藏采收率。C02在地層內(nèi)溶于水后,水的粘度增加20%～30%,運移性能提高2-3倍；C02溶于油后,原油體積膨脹,粘度降低30%～80%,油水界面張力降低,有利于提高采油速度、洗油效率和收集殘余油。一般,CO2驅(qū)提高采收率7%-15%,油井生產(chǎn)壽命延長15-20年。C02可從工業(yè)設(shè)施獲得,如發(fā)電廠、化肥廠、水泥廠、化工廠、煉油廠、天然氣加工廠等排放物中回收,一方面,減排溫室氣體,另一方面,增產(chǎn)油氣。最后,結(jié)合實例：1) Kumkol South油田,分析其開發(fā)存在問題,優(yōu)化開發(fā)方式、研究調(diào)剖堵水和聚驅(qū)可行性,得到最優(yōu)化方案；2)SH7油田,根據(jù)其地質(zhì)模型、流體模型,結(jié)合水驅(qū)、聚合物驅(qū)、交聯(lián)聚合物驅(qū)的效果,進行對比,得出最佳組合方案；3)LN純56塊油田,根據(jù)其開發(fā)狀況,提出了水井調(diào)剖、油井提液降壓、氮氣泡沫交替注、氮氣水交替注進行方案設(shè)計,優(yōu)選出最佳方案；4)河11沙二塊油田,根據(jù)開發(fā)現(xiàn)狀,研究了聚合物調(diào)剖、水氣交替注入調(diào)剖可行性,以及聚合物與水氣交替注入綜合調(diào)剖研究,得出最優(yōu)方案。
[Abstract]:After decades of waterflooding, many old oilfields in the world have entered the stage of high water cut and extra high water cut. The water cut of East Texas, Ford Geraldine, Koreshov oilfields in Russia has reached 97%, the average recovery degree is more than 50%, and the recovery degree of East Texas oilfields has even reached 77.5%. For water-flooded oilfields, the rising rate of water cut is different in different water-cut stages. In middle and low water-cut stages, the rising rate of water cut increases with water cut, more than 5%; in middle and high water-cut stages, after water cut reaches 80%. After the oilfield enters the stage of ultra-high water-cut development, the development law is different from that of medium-high water-cut stage, and the well pattern also changes greatly. In the later stage of water injection development, the potential tapping object changes, and the implementation effect of hydrodynamic adjustment technology becomes worse, which makes it difficult to adapt to the situation of underground reservoirs. In reservoirs, the recovery rate is very low, the water consumption is relatively large, the remaining oil is especially dispersed, the well condition is gradually deteriorating, the development benefit is reduced, etc. However, from the production reserves and annual production, the old oilfield with high water cut is still the main development body, its annual oil production and remaining recoverable reserves, occupy a very important position in the country, and there is still a large underground. Oil recovery is an important economic factor that restricts the sustainable development of the country. Especially, under the existing economic and technological conditions, the improvement of oil recovery has the potential to be further enhanced. The general situation of external reservoirs is analyzed, and the distribution characteristics of remaining oil in ultra-high water cut reservoirs are analyzed. Then, the basic principles and development of seven enhanced EOR technologies, such as water flooding, polymer flooding, nitrogen flooding, gel flooding, water gas injection flooding and CO2 flooding, are comprehensively summarized, and a comprehensive and systematic integration of.1 is carried out. Continuous water flooding can greatly improve the development effect and effectively enhance the recovery factor. 2) Nitrogen flooding has great potential to become an important connection for further enhanced oil recovery. After the oil field enters the extra high water cut stage, there is a great difference in the longitudinal flooding and the water channeling is very serious. In the process of further improving the mining efficiency, it is necessary to solve the problem of how to suppress the injection water to move along the high permeability part in the process of flooding. Polymer flooding, as one of the methods to improve oil recovery, can increase the viscosity of injected fluid, change the ratio of oil to water two-phase fluidity, thus expanding the sweep volume. When water to oil fluidity ratio is 1, the flow ability of water is stronger than that of crude oil. After entering the polymer, the ability of the solution to infiltrate into the formation is increased, the viscosity is increased, the flow of the solution is slowed down. Secondly, the flow resistance increases and the sweep efficiency increases by.4). Based on this, a new type of displacement technology with displacement and dual effect of profile control has been developed. It can greatly improve the mobility ratio, alleviate the contradiction among layers, and improve the recovery factor. It has a good application prospect. Under certain pressure, the profile control agent produces polymer gel in the formation channel, plugging the high osmotic water absorbing layer, and injecting water to turn. This technology overcomes the shortcoming of "gas channeling" in air drive, combines water drive with air drive, injects gas into the reservoir after water drive, reduces the permeability of water phase, reduces the fluidity of water and reduces the difference of water-oil fluidity ratio. This technology is very suitable for low permeability, serious heterogeneity and large pore channel reservoirs. It can solve many technical problems, such as low permeability in central and western regions of China, water shortage in local areas, water injection difficulty in injection wells, serious production hole formation deficiency, environmental pollution of produced water from oil wells, etc. Central Plains, Turpan-Hami and North China oilfields have all carried out on-site water-gas cross-injection and immiscible flooding experiments, and achieved good results. 6) CO2 flooding technology can meet the needs of extra-high water-cut oilfields to improve oil recovery, solve the problem of C02 storage, and protect the atmospheric environment. After C02 dissolves in water in formation, the viscosity of water increases by 20%-30%, and the migration performance increases by 2-3 times. After C02 dissolves in oil, the volume of crude oil expands, the viscosity decreases by 30%-80%, the interfacial tension between oil and water decreases, which is conducive to increasing oil recovery rate, oil washing efficiency and collecting residual oil. C02 can be obtained from industrial facilities, such as power plants, fertilizer plants, cement plants, chemical plants, refineries, natural gas processing plants and other emissions recovery, on the one hand, to reduce greenhouse gases, on the other hand, to increase production of oil and gas. 2, SH7 oilfield, according to its geological model, fluid model, water flooding, polymer flooding and crosslinked polymer flooding, the best combination scheme is obtained; 3) LN pure 56 oilfield, according to its development status, the water well profile control, oil well extraction and pressure reduction, nitrogen foam are proposed. 4) He11 Sha 2 oilfield, according to the development status, studied the feasibility of polymer profile control, water-gas alternate injection profile control, and polymer and water-gas alternate injection comprehensive profile control research, obtained the optimal program.
【學位授予單位】：長江大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TE357

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