本文選題：LNG池火災(zāi) + 數(shù)值模擬　； 參考：《西南石油大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：液化天然氣(Liquefied Natural Gas,LNG)相比于傳統(tǒng)能源,具有清潔、高效、無毒害、無腐蝕性以及儲存率高等優(yōu)勢,被廣泛應(yīng)用于汽車、輪船、制冷、化工等領(lǐng)域。隨著我國對LNG需求量的逐年上升,LNG站場的數(shù)量日益增多,隨之帶來的安全問題,也越來越受到高度重視。LNG在常壓下的沸點(diǎn)為-161.5℃,一旦發(fā)生泄漏,LNG會快速蒸發(fā),使得周圍溫度驟降,若遇到明火,極易引發(fā)火災(zāi)。而對于LNG站場而言,因儲罐泄漏引發(fā)的池火災(zāi)最為常見。目前,我國相關(guān)規(guī)范已對LNG站場儲罐之間和儲罐區(qū)與其他建(構(gòu))筑物之間的防火間距作出了明確規(guī)定。但這些規(guī)定值的確定主要參考國內(nèi)外天然氣站場的選址數(shù)據(jù)及經(jīng)驗(yàn)分析,相關(guān)規(guī)范沒有明確規(guī)定適用于我國LNG站場工程的火災(zāi)事故后果計(jì)算模型。此外,相關(guān)規(guī)范在規(guī)定站場內(nèi)設(shè)施受到的熱輻射限值時(shí),涉及的事故場景為風(fēng)速0級、溫度21℃、相對濕度為50%。該事故場景沒有考慮到風(fēng)速、圍堰尺寸等因素對LNG池火熱輻射分布的影響,從而導(dǎo)致對防火間距的確定過于保守或不足等問題。因此,調(diào)研國內(nèi)外LNG池火實(shí)驗(yàn)以及熱輻射預(yù)測模型現(xiàn)狀,分析常用LNG池火熱輻射解析模型的適用范圍,并建立能夠適用于不同事故場景的LNG池火熱輻射預(yù)測模型,對LNG站場選址、布局設(shè)計(jì)、事故后果影響評價(jià)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理等具有重要指導(dǎo)意義。對此,本文開展了以下研究工作:(1)為了準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測LNG池火的火焰特征及其對周圍設(shè)施的熱輻射強(qiáng)度,建立了LNG池火熱輻射CFD模型,并采用有限體積法對模型進(jìn)行求解。同時(shí),采用LNG燃燒實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)對CFD模型的準(zhǔn)確性進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。采用該CFD模型對LNG池火災(zāi)的主要影響因素(包括環(huán)境風(fēng)速、圍堰直徑)進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果表明,該CFD模型對LNG池火的火焰特征參數(shù)以及目標(biāo)監(jiān)測點(diǎn)處熱輻射強(qiáng)度預(yù)測結(jié)果的平均相對誤差分別為8.4%和9.1%,預(yù)測精度較高。(2)通過大量文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研,對LNG池火燃燒實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行歸納和整理,并采用這些實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)對目前LNG行業(yè)常用的火焰長度、火焰傾斜角、火焰拖曳比以及熱輻射強(qiáng)度的計(jì)算關(guān)聯(lián)式的適用范圍分別進(jìn)行評價(jià),進(jìn)而提出一種能夠適用于不同池火災(zāi)事故場景的LNG池火熱輻射預(yù)測多場景解析模型。同時(shí),將該模型與建立的CFD模型、目前常用解析模型的預(yù)測精度進(jìn)行對比。結(jié)果表明,CFD模型的預(yù)測精度最高,其次是多場景解析模型和POOLFIRE3模型,它們各自平均相對誤差分別為11%、17%、20%。由于CFD模型和多場景解析模型的相對誤差均在±20%以內(nèi),故模型計(jì)算結(jié)果可靠。(3)基于C語言編程和多場景解析模型,開發(fā)了 LNG池火熱輻射影響范圍評價(jià)軟件。該軟件能夠針對不同事故場景(包括環(huán)境風(fēng)速、圍堰直徑),自動將推薦的火焰長度、火焰傾斜角、火焰拖曳比計(jì)算關(guān)聯(lián)式以及熱輻射強(qiáng)度預(yù)測模型進(jìn)行組合,從而得到相應(yīng)事故場景的池火特征參數(shù)和目標(biāo)監(jiān)測點(diǎn)熱輻射強(qiáng)度預(yù)測值。同時(shí),該程序還可以用于評價(jià)LNG站場內(nèi)各設(shè)施與儲罐之間防火間距,判斷一旦發(fā)生池火災(zāi)時(shí),站場內(nèi)設(shè)施所受熱輻射強(qiáng)度值是否超過相關(guān)規(guī)范的規(guī)定值。此外,通過將軟件的計(jì)算值與手算值進(jìn)行對比,二者結(jié)果吻合,驗(yàn)證了軟件的準(zhǔn)確性。(4)以四川省某典型LNG站場為例,采用本文開發(fā)的LNG池火熱輻射影響范圍評價(jià)軟件,對不同池火災(zāi)事故場景中,各設(shè)施所受的熱輻射強(qiáng)度值進(jìn)行預(yù)測,并結(jié)合國內(nèi)相關(guān)規(guī)范對各設(shè)施與儲罐之間的防火間距進(jìn)行評價(jià)。結(jié)果表明,在不同LNG火災(zāi)事故場景中,均存在設(shè)施安全間距不足的情況。同時(shí),對不符合要求的情形,提出相應(yīng)的優(yōu)化方案,包括:1)增大圍堰與其周圍設(shè)施之間的距離;2)減小圍堰面積,采用高圍堰或雙容罐和全容罐;3)在LNG儲罐的圍堰與周圍設(shè)施之間安裝噴射水幕。
[Abstract]:Compared with traditional energy, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) has the advantages of clean, high efficiency, no poison, no corrosion, and high storage rate. It is widely used in the fields of automobile, ship, refrigeration, chemical industry and so on. With the increasing demand of LNG in China, the number of LNG stations is increasing, and the safety problems brought with it are also the more. More attention is paid to.LNG's boiling point at normal pressure at -161.5 C. Once the leakage occurs, the LNG will evaporate rapidly, causing a sudden drop in the surrounding temperature. If a clear fire is encountered, fire is easily triggered. For the LNG station, the tank fire caused by the tank leakage is the most common. At present, the relevant specifications of our country have already been to the storage tank and storage area between the LNG station and the storage tank. The fireproof spacing between other building structures is clearly defined. However, the determination of these values is mainly based on the location data and experience analysis of natural gas stations at home and abroad. The relevant specifications do not specify the model for the calculation of the consequences of the fire accident, which is applicable to the LNG station in China. When the thermal radiation limits are reached, the accident scene involves the wind speed 0, the temperature 21, the relative humidity of 50%., which does not take into account the influence of wind speed, the cofferdam size and other factors on the thermal radiation distribution of the LNG pool, thus causing the determination of the fire spacing to be too conservative or insufficient. Therefore, the investigation of the LNG pool fire experiment at home and abroad and the heat are investigated. The present situation of the radiation prediction model is to analyze the applicable scope of the LNG pool fire thermal radiation analytical model, and to establish the LNG pool fire radiation prediction model which can be applied to different accident scenes. It has important guiding significance for the site site selection, layout design, the impact assessment and risk management of the accident consequences, and the following research work has been carried out in this paper. (1) in order to accurately predict the flame characteristics of LNG pool fire and the thermal radiation intensity to the surrounding facilities, a CFD model of LNG pool fire heat radiation is established, and the finite volume method is used to solve the model. At the same time, the accuracy of the CFD model is verified by the experimental data of LNG combustion. The main influencing factors of the CFD model on the LNG pool fire are obtained. The results show that the average relative error of the CFD model to the flame characteristic parameters of the LNG pool fire and the prediction results of the thermal radiation intensity at the target monitoring point is 8.4% and 9.1% respectively, and the prediction accuracy is higher. (2) through a large number of literature investigation, the experimental data of the fire combustion in the LNG pool are summarized and arranged. These experimental data are used to evaluate the applicable range of the correlation formula of flame length, flame tilt angle, flame drag ratio and thermal radiation intensity in LNG industry, and then a multi scene analysis model of LNG pool fire thermal radiation prediction can be applied to the scene of different pool fire accidents. The CFD model is established, and the prediction accuracy of the usual analytical models is compared. The results show that the prediction accuracy of the CFD model is the highest, followed by the multi scene analysis model and the POOLFIRE3 model, their average relative errors are 11%, 17% respectively, and the relative error of the CFD model and the multi scene model is within the range of + 20%, so the model meter is calculated. The results are reliable. (3) based on the C language programming and multi scene analysis model, the LNG pool fire radiation impact range evaluation software is developed. The software can automatically apply the recommended flame length, flame tilt angle, flame drag ratio and thermal radiation intensity prediction model for different accident scenes (including ambient wind speed, cofferdam diameter). In addition, the program can also be used to evaluate the fire-proof distance between the facilities and the tanks in the LNG station, and determine whether the thermal radiation intensity of the facilities in the station is more than the prescribed value of the relevant specifications when a pool fire occurs. In addition, by comparing the calculated value of the software with the hand calculation value, the results of the two are in agreement, and the accuracy of the software is verified. (4) taking a typical LNG station of Sichuan Province as an example, using the LNG pool fire radiation impact range evaluation software developed in this paper, the thermal radiation intensity values of various facilities are predicted, and the value of the thermal radiation intensity is predicted in the scene of different pool fire accidents, The fire spacing between the facilities and the storage tanks is evaluated with the relevant domestic specifications. The results show that there are insufficient safety gaps in the facilities of different LNG fire accidents. At the same time, the corresponding optimization schemes are proposed for the cases that are not in conformity with the requirements, including: 1) increase the distance between the cofferdam and its surrounding facilities; 2) reduce the circumference. The area of weir is high cofferdam or double capacity tank and full capacity tank. 3) spray water curtain is installed between cofferdam and surrounding facilities of LNG storage tank.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南石油大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TE88

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