本文選題：非常規(guī)油氣藏 + 數(shù)值模擬�。� 參考：《中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：非常規(guī)油氣資源已經(jīng)成為21世紀(jì)能源結(jié)構(gòu)中的重要組成部分,非常規(guī)油氣的埋藏、賦存狀態(tài)與常規(guī)油氣資源有較大區(qū)別,這給油藏數(shù)值模擬帶來了新的挑戰(zhàn)。地質(zhì)參數(shù)的非均質(zhì)性,特別是絕對滲透率的強非均質(zhì)性,是非常規(guī)油氣藏數(shù)值模擬的一大難點。實際應(yīng)用于非常規(guī)油氣藏數(shù)值模擬的計算網(wǎng)格都是建立在較大尺度上的,一個計算網(wǎng)格往往包含很多特性不同的子區(qū)域,為了給定相應(yīng)大尺度網(wǎng)格上的特性參數(shù),必須要對地質(zhì)參數(shù),特別是滲透率進(jìn)行大尺度化處理。傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)值算法會嚴(yán)重低估多孔介質(zhì)的滲流能力,為了得到更加準(zhǔn)確的結(jié)果,需要對網(wǎng)格進(jìn)行細(xì)分,細(xì)分的程度通常會依賴于非均勻性的強弱,即使在非均勻性不強的情況下也需要上千次的細(xì)分,這是大尺度化不能接受的。本文的主要研究內(nèi)容就是針對非均質(zhì)多孔介質(zhì)中多相滲流的數(shù)值模擬建立高效而準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)值計算格式,將非均勻單項滲流的有限分析算法應(yīng)用到非均勻多相滲流的數(shù)值模擬中,并對“大孔道”現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行相關(guān)研究。首先,本文對二維不可壓縮非均勻兩相滲流問題展開研究,將油、水連續(xù)方程相加得到總滲方程,忽略毛管力梯度項,得到一個和單相滲流形式相同的類拉普拉斯方程,將該方程的奇點壓力冪律解析解作為總滲方程的一個近似解,推導(dǎo)出兩相滲流網(wǎng)格界面絕對滲透率的有限分析格式,建立非均勻兩相滲流的有限分析算法。該格式得到的網(wǎng)格界面絕對滲透率與控制體周邊網(wǎng)格的絕對滲透率都相關(guān)。在壓力線性分布的特別情況下,有限分析格式自動退化為傳統(tǒng)格式。滲透率棋盤分布算例顯示有限分析算法在少量的網(wǎng)格加密情況下即可算出準(zhǔn)確的飽和度場以及見水時間,特別地,在滲透率log-normal分布的算例中,有限分析法在原始網(wǎng)格下的計算結(jié)果已經(jīng)具備很高的精度；無論是滲透率棋盤分布還是log-normal分布傳統(tǒng)算法嚴(yán)重低估了飽和度鋒面的移動速度和出口邊界的見水時間,隨著網(wǎng)格的加密,計算結(jié)果向著有限分析結(jié)果收斂,收斂的速度完全受控于介質(zhì)的非均勻強弱,而有限分析法幾乎不受其影響。進(jìn)一步地,本文對二維非均勻三相滲流展開了研究。兩相滲流有限分析算法的推導(dǎo)過程實際上提供了一種網(wǎng)格界面絕對滲透率的求解思路,本文借鑒這一思路重構(gòu)了網(wǎng)格界面絕對滲透率的有限分析格式,建立了非均勻三相滲流的有限分析算法。滲透率棋盤分布的三相滲流算例顯示,有限分析算法能夠準(zhǔn)確的計算出溫度場、各相飽和度場以及見氣時間,同時看到高滲透率網(wǎng)格之間會形成一個質(zhì)量和能量的高速流通通道,這一通道會加速蒸汽及熱量的流通,在滲透率棋盤分布的蒸汽驅(qū)算例中,這條通道會導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)井快速見氣;傳統(tǒng)算法得到的溫度場、各相飽和度場以及見氣時間遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于有限分析的結(jié)果,為了得到收斂結(jié)果,需要對原始網(wǎng)格進(jìn)行上萬次的細(xì)分,大大降低了計算效率。滲透率log-normal分布的算例結(jié)果顯示,與兩相滲流類似,有限分析算法在原始網(wǎng)格下的計算結(jié)果已經(jīng)具有很好的計算精度,生產(chǎn)井的見氣時間也基本不隨網(wǎng)格加密參數(shù)變化,但傳統(tǒng)算法收斂的速度完全依賴于介質(zhì)的非均勻性強弱,即使在非均勻性不強的情況下,也需要對原始網(wǎng)格進(jìn)行幾百甚至上千次的細(xì)分。在實際生產(chǎn)中,準(zhǔn)確的生產(chǎn)井見氣時間對產(chǎn)量以及殘余油飽和度的預(yù)估具有重要意義。最后,本文利用滲透率log-normal分布蒸汽驅(qū)算例的結(jié)果,對“大孔道”現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了相關(guān)探究。有限分析結(jié)果顯示注入井和生產(chǎn)井之間會形成高滲通道使得生產(chǎn)井快速見氣,將高滲通道所在計算區(qū)域內(nèi)網(wǎng)格的絕對滲透率按照生產(chǎn)井產(chǎn)量與有限分析結(jié)果一致的原則調(diào)高相應(yīng)倍數(shù)后,用傳統(tǒng)算法進(jìn)行數(shù)值計算,得到了與有限分析法相近的溫度場、各相飽和度場以及生產(chǎn)井見氣時間。這個過程正好重現(xiàn)了對滲透率歷史擬合的過程。因此,本文認(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)算法嚴(yán)重低估多孔介質(zhì)的滲流能力可能是“大孔道”現(xiàn)象的一個合理解釋。綜上,本文對非常規(guī)油藏數(shù)值模擬中的滲透率非均勻問題展開研究,建立了非均勻不可壓縮兩相滲流和非均勻三相滲流的有限分析算法。文中的數(shù)值算例顯示有限分析算法在計算精度和計算效率上相比于傳統(tǒng)算法有著巨大的優(yōu)勢,同時可能對現(xiàn)今數(shù)值模擬中的相關(guān)現(xiàn)象做出相應(yīng)的解釋。有限分析算法有望解決非常規(guī)油氣藏數(shù)值模擬的更多實際問題。
[Abstract]:Unconventional oil and gas resources have become an important part of the energy structure in the twenty-first Century. The burial of unconventional oil and gas is very different from the conventional oil and gas resources. This brings new challenges to the reservoir numerical simulation. The heterogeneity of geological parameters, especially the strong heterogeneity of absolute permeability, is the numerical model of the unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. A computational grid applied to the numerical simulation of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs is based on a large scale. A computational grid often contains many subregions with different characteristics. In order to give the characteristic parameters on the large scale grid, the number of geological parameters, especially the permeability, must be processed in large scale. The numerical algorithm will seriously underestimate the percolation capacity of porous media. In order to get more accurate results, the mesh needs to be subdivided. The degree of subdivision usually depends on the strength of non-uniformity. Even in the case of inhomogeneous inhomogeneity, it needs a thousand subdivisions, which is unacceptable in large scale. The content is to establish an efficient and accurate numerical calculation scheme for the numerical simulation of heterogeneous porous media in heterogeneous porous media. The finite analysis algorithm of non-uniform single term percolation is applied to the numerical simulation of heterogeneous multiphase seepage, and the phenomenon of "large pass" is studied. The two phase seepage problem is studied. The oil and water continuity equations are added to the total seepage equation, and the force gradient term of the capillary is ignored. A Laplasse equation is derived from the same form of the single-phase seepage. The analytic solution of the singular point pressure power law of the equation is used as an approximate solution of the total seepage equation. Finite analysis scheme is used to establish a finite analysis algorithm for non-uniform two-phase flow. The absolute permeability of the grid interface is related to the absolute permeability of the surrounding meshes of the control body. In the special case of pressure distribution, the finite analysis scheme automatically degenerates into the traditional form. The numerical example of the permeability chessboard distribution shows the finite analysis The method can calculate the exact saturation field and water time in the case of a small number of grid encrypt, especially in the example of the log-normal distribution of permeability. The finite analysis method has high precision in the original mesh, and the traditional algorithm of the permeability chessboard distribution and the log-normal distribution is seriously underestimated. The moving velocity of the frontal plane and the water seeing time of the outlet boundary are convergent with the finite analysis results as the mesh is encrypted. The speed of convergence is completely controlled by the inhomogeneous strength of the medium, and the finite analysis method is almost unaffected. Further, this paper studies the two dimensional inhomogeneous three phase seepage. The derivation process of the limited analysis algorithm actually provides a solution to the absolute permeability of the grid interface. In this paper, the finite analysis scheme of the absolute permeability of the grid interface is reconstructed by using this idea, and a finite analysis algorithm for the inhomogeneous three-phase seepage is established. The finite analysis algorithm is shown by the three phase seepage calculation example of the permeability chessboard distribution. It can accurately calculate the temperature field, the phase saturation field and the gas time. At the same time, the high permeability grid will form a high speed circulation channel between the mass and the energy. This channel will accelerate the flow of steam and heat. In the steam flooding example of the distribution of the permeability chessboard, this channel will cause the production well to see the gas quickly; The temperature field, the phase saturation field and the gas seeing time are far behind the results of the finite analysis. In order to get the convergence result, we need to subdivide the original mesh tens of thousands of times and greatly reduce the calculation efficiency. The numerical example of the log-normal distribution of the permeability shows that the finite analysis algorithm is similar to the two phase seepage. The calculation results under the lattice have good calculation precision, and the gas viewing time of the production well does not change with the grid encryption parameters, but the convergence rate of the traditional algorithm depends on the inhomogeneity of the medium. Even if the inhomogeneity is not strong, it is necessary to subdivide the original grid hundreds or even thousands of subdivisions. In the intercourse production, the accurate production well see gas time is of great significance to the prediction of the output and the residual oil saturation. Finally, this paper makes use of the results of the log-normal distribution of the permeability of the permeability, and explores the phenomenon of the "big pass". The finite analysis results show that the high permeability channel will be formed between the injection well and the production well. In the production well, the gas is quickly seen. After adjusting the absolute permeability of the grid in the calculated area of the hypertonic channel according to the corresponding multiple of the production well output and the finite analysis result, the numerical calculation is carried out with the traditional algorithm, and the temperature field, the saturation field and the gas time in the production well are obtained. In this paper, it is considered that the traditional algorithm seriously underestimates the percolation capacity of porous media, which may be a reasonable explanation of the "large pass" phenomenon. In this paper, the inhomogeneous and incompressible two-phase flow in the numerical simulation of unconventional reservoirs is studied and the inhomogeneous incompressible two-phase flow is established. The finite analysis algorithm in this paper shows that the finite analysis algorithm has a great advantage over the traditional algorithm in calculation precision and efficiency, and it may explain the relevant phenomena in the current numerical simulation. The finite analysis algorithm is expected to solve the numerical model of the unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. More practical problems to be proposed.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TE312

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