本文選題：天然氣水合物 + 飽和度　； 參考：《中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：天然氣水合物具備巨大的資源潛力,在世界范圍內(nèi)廣泛分布,在我國海域和陸上凍土帶中也逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)了水合物。當(dāng)前,以地震波技術(shù)為主的地球物理勘探技術(shù)仍是海洋天然氣水合物勘探的主要手段。由于野外獲取的數(shù)據(jù)難以在水合物飽和度和聲速之間建立關(guān)系,因此人們通常用實驗的方法將水合物飽和度和聲速之間建立相應(yīng)的關(guān)系并進行速度模型驗證。在合適的模型基礎(chǔ)上希望利用獲取的地震波參數(shù)和聲波測井?dāng)?shù)據(jù)對儲層資源量進行估算與評價。已有研究大多在封閉體系下對天然氣水合物生成分解過程中聲學(xué)響應(yīng)特征進行研究,對更接近水合物實際成藏過程的氣體運移條件下聲學(xué)響應(yīng)特征了解甚少。因此,采用實驗?zāi)M的方法研究氣體垂向運移體系中水合物儲層的聲學(xué)特性,將對水合物地球物理勘探和資源評價具有重要意義。本文通過模擬氣體垂向運移條件下水合物在沉積物中生成和分解過程,利用超聲探測技術(shù)和時域反射技術(shù)(TDR),實時探測水合物的聲速和飽和度變化,確定不同甲烷通量對水合物飽和度、聲學(xué)響應(yīng)特征的影響。通過上述模擬實驗獲取動態(tài)體系中聲速隨水合物飽和度的變化規(guī)律,驗證速度模型在各種條件下的適應(yīng)情況。在此基礎(chǔ)上,同封閉體系下水合物形成過程中聲學(xué)特性進行對比,揭示不同體系下含水合物沉積物的聲學(xué)響應(yīng)特征差異,根據(jù)理論模型和聲學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)探討水合物生成模式。通過相應(yīng)的研究,一方面在技術(shù)方面取得創(chuàng)新,另一方面在不同體系下水合物的聲學(xué)響應(yīng)、速度模型的選取和水合物微觀分布方面取得了新的認(rèn)識,也為更加逼真模擬水合物的形成和真實理解水合物成藏過程提供了重要實驗依據(jù)。在實驗技術(shù)方面,采用數(shù)字示波器優(yōu)化和改進了實驗技術(shù)的數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng),將數(shù)字示波器替代A/D數(shù)據(jù)采集卡應(yīng)用到超聲數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng),相比數(shù)據(jù)采集卡數(shù)字示波器具有同等的數(shù)據(jù)存儲和采集功能,并且在實驗過程中能對待測波形進行直觀觀測,應(yīng)用取得良好的效果。在實驗裝置中實現(xiàn)氣體垂向運移體系,使用壓差控制系統(tǒng)為氣體的流動提供驅(qū)動力,為防止沉積物中水分的散失和氣體運移通道的堵塞,將微孔燒結(jié)板、防水透氣砂和下氣室加熱底板應(yīng)用到實驗體系,保證實驗過程的順利進行。將BROOKS質(zhì)量流量控制器應(yīng)用到實驗體系,實現(xiàn)對反應(yīng)體系的氣體流量控制。系統(tǒng)地獲得了氣體垂向運移體系中水合物生成和分解實驗的聲學(xué)和飽和度數(shù)據(jù),建立了氣體垂向運移體系下聲學(xué)和水合物飽和度的關(guān)系。對氣體垂向運移體系下水合物聲學(xué)特性研究表明水合物生成過程中的縱橫波速度大于分解過程中的縱橫波速度。在氣體垂向運移體系下,當(dāng)水合物飽和度在0-20%時,發(fā)現(xiàn)聲速有一個小幅度的快速增加。當(dāng)水合物飽和度在20%-60%時,聲速的增加幅度變慢。當(dāng)水合物飽和度大于60%時,聲速的增加再次變快。發(fā)現(xiàn)含水合物沉積物聲速隨水合物飽和度的增加呈現(xiàn)出快速-慢速-快速增加的變化趨勢。在此基礎(chǔ)上,對進氣端甲烷通量進行控制,探索了不同甲烷通量的水合物生成模擬實驗。通過實驗獲取了不同甲烷通量對水合物生成速率及水合物生成量的影響:即甲烷供應(yīng)通量越小,生成最大水合物飽和度所需時間越少;甲烷通量越大,生成最大水合物飽和度用時越長。在一定時間內(nèi),甲烷通量越大,越易形成高飽和度水合物。甲烷通量供應(yīng)模式下聲速同氣體垂向運移體系下聲速變化呈現(xiàn)出相似趨勢,在水合物生成初期,聲速有相對較快的增長;之后在水合物生成階段,聲速呈現(xiàn)出較為平緩的增長趨勢;在水合物飽和度50%-60%左右,聲速的增加速率明顯變快。為了進行動態(tài)、靜態(tài)體系水合物形成差異性對比,在二維實驗裝置中進行封閉體系模擬實驗,并得到水合物生成過程中空間分布的初步認(rèn)識:即水合物生成初期,水合物優(yōu)先在粗粒沉積物中生成;水合物生成末期,粗粒和細粒對沉積物飽和度及聲速影響不大。在沉積物中縱向上離氣源越近,越易生成水合物,隨著時間推移各層水合物飽和度逐漸趨于一致;在橫向上水合物優(yōu)先在反應(yīng)釜周邊生成,隨后在反應(yīng)釜內(nèi)部生成。實驗獲得Vp-Vs間的經(jīng)驗公式,與野外同類型儲層實地數(shù)據(jù)具有良好對比性,可為儲層縱橫波速度和水合物飽和度估算提供依據(jù)。將封閉體系下和氣體運移體系下水合物聲學(xué)特性進行對比分析,得出在封閉體系中,聲速的增加較快,沒有明顯階段性變化。在氣體垂向運移體系下,聲速體現(xiàn)出快速-慢速-快速增加的趨勢。將南海北部陸坡實測聲速同水合物飽和度數(shù)據(jù)與實驗結(jié)果對比,結(jié)果表明氣體運移體系下聲速與水合物飽和度間關(guān)系同南海實測數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果較為一致。在進行不同體系實驗的基礎(chǔ)上,將適應(yīng)于水合物飽和度預(yù)測的速度模型進行驗證。結(jié)果表明,在氣體垂向運移體系下,適應(yīng)的速度模型為權(quán)重方程、BGTL理論和等效介質(zhì)理論,權(quán)重方程的預(yù)測值同實測值有較好一致性。由于本實驗為松散沉積物體系,通過驗證得知權(quán)重方程并不適應(yīng)實測橫波速度值。當(dāng)水合物飽和度在20%-60%時,實驗結(jié)果同等效介質(zhì)理論模式A的計算結(jié)果相近。在甲烷通量供應(yīng)模式下,適應(yīng)的速度模型為BGTL理論和經(jīng)過調(diào)整的等效介質(zhì)理論。在權(quán)重方程中,權(quán)重方程預(yù)測的縱波速度值同實驗測試值有相近的趨勢,但計算值同實際值之間有一定差值。在等效介質(zhì)理論中,當(dāng)水合物飽和度為25%-55%時,實驗結(jié)果同等效介質(zhì)理論模式B計算結(jié)果相接近。當(dāng)水合物飽和度為60%-70%時,實驗測得結(jié)果同等效介質(zhì)理論模式A結(jié)果相一致。在水合物飽和度大于80%以后,實測值趨向于等效介質(zhì)理論模式C的計算值。BGTL理論和等效介質(zhì)理論對南海沉積物中水合物飽和度預(yù)測有一定適應(yīng)性。綜上可知,速度模型在各體系下具有不同的適應(yīng)性,由于水合物對沉積物聲學(xué)影響較復(fù)雜,單一參數(shù)選擇難以適應(yīng)不同條件。BGTL理論和等效介質(zhì)理論在各體系下具有較好的適應(yīng)性。在高甲烷通量體系下,氣體對沉積物聲速的影響需要考慮,經(jīng)過調(diào)整的等效介質(zhì)理論模型不僅能對水合物飽和度進行估算,還能對水合物微觀分布模式產(chǎn)生指導(dǎo)意義。改進和完善了水合物成藏的微觀理論模型,根據(jù)理論模型并結(jié)合CT實驗數(shù)據(jù)探討了水合物在不同體系下的微觀分布模式。在氣體垂向運移體系下,水合物生成初始階段,水合物優(yōu)先在顆粒接觸處和氣泡表面以膠結(jié)方式形成,沉積物顆粒通過水合物殼相互結(jié)合在一起。之后水合物主要在孔隙流體中生成。隨著水合物飽和度的增加,流體中的水合物同沉積物顆粒相互接觸在一起,水合物充填滿孔隙空間。在高甲烷通量滲漏體系下,水合物主要以顆粒接觸模式生成,之后水合物會在孔隙流體中生成。隨著水合物飽和度的增加,流體中的水合物同沉積物顆粒相互接觸在一起,水合物以膠結(jié)模式生成。
[Abstract]:Natural gas hydrate has great resource potential and is widely distributed worldwide, and hydrates have been found in the sea area and the continental permafrost zone. At present, the geophysical exploration technology based on seismic wave technology is still the main part of the exploration of marine gas hydrate. The relationship between degree and sound velocity is established, so people usually establish the relationship between hydrate saturation and sound velocity by experimental method and verify the velocity model. On the basis of suitable model, we hope to estimate and evaluate the source of reservoir by using the obtained seismic wave parameters and acoustic logging data. Most of the research has been done. In the closed system, the acoustic response characteristics of the gas hydrate formation and decomposition process are studied. The acoustic response characteristics of the gas migration under the actual gas hydrate formation process are little understood. Therefore, the experimental simulation method is used to study the acoustic characteristics of the hydrate reservoir in the gas vertical migration system, and the hydrate will be used to hydrate the gas hydrate reservoir. Geophysical exploration and resource evaluation are of great significance. In this paper, by simulating the formation and decomposition process of hydrates under the condition of vertical migration of gas, ultrasonic detection and time domain reflectometry (TDR) are used to detect the velocity and saturation of hydrate in real time, and determine the difference of methane flux to hydrate saturation and acoustic noise. The variation of sound velocity in the dynamic system with hydrate saturation is obtained by the above simulation experiments, and the adaptation of the velocity model under various conditions is verified. On this basis, the acoustic characteristics of hydrate formation under the closed system are compared to reveal the acoustic response of the hydrate deposits in different systems. On the basis of theoretical model and acoustic data, the hydrate formation model is discussed. On the one hand, innovation is made on the one hand, and on the other hand, the acoustic response of hydrates, the selection of velocity model and the micro distribution of hydrate in different systems are new, and the more realistic simulation of hydrates is also made. In the experimental technology, the digital oscilloscope is used to optimize and improve the data acquisition system of the experimental technology. The digital oscilloscope is applied to the ultrasonic data acquisition system instead of the A/D data acquisition card. Compared with the data acquisition card digital oscilloscope, the digital oscilloscope has the same data. The storage and acquisition function, and can be used to observe the measurement waveform in the experimental process, and achieve good results. In the experimental device, the vertical migration system of gas is realized and the pressure difference control system is used to provide the driving force for the flow of gas. In order to prevent the loss of water in the sediment and the blockage of the gas migration channel, the micropores are burned. The BROOKS mass flow controller is applied to the experimental system and the gas flow control of the reaction system is applied to the experimental system. The acoustic and saturation data of the hydrates generation and decomposition experiments in the gas vertical migration system are systematically obtained. The relationship between acoustics and hydrate saturation under the vertical migration system of gas is established. The study of the acoustic characteristics of hydrates under the vertical migration system shows that the velocity of the longitudinal and transverse waves in the process of hydrate formation is greater than that in the decomposition process. Under the vertical migration system of gas, when the hydrate saturation is at 0-20%, the velocity of sound is found. A small amplitude increases rapidly. When the hydrate saturation is at 20%-60%, the increase of sound velocity slows down. When the hydrate saturation is more than 60%, the increase of sound velocity becomes faster. It is found that the velocity of the hydrate content of the hydrates shows a fast slow fast increasing trend with the increase of hydrate saturation. On this basis, the intake end is on the intake end. The methane flux is controlled and the simulation experiment of hydrate formation with different methane flux is explored. The effects of different methane flux on hydrate formation rate and hydrate formation are obtained by experiments. The smaller the methane supply flux is, the less time it takes to generate the maximum hydrate saturation; the greater the methane flux is, the greater the formation of the maximum hydrate is full. In a certain time, the greater the methane flux, the higher the formation of high saturation hydrate. The sound velocity in the methane flux supply mode is similar to that under the vertical migration system, and the sound velocity increases relatively quickly at the early stage of hydrate formation, and the sound velocity appears relatively flat in the hydrate formation stage. The slow growth trend; the rate of sound velocity increased obviously at the hydrate saturation of 50%-60%. In order to make the dynamic, the static system hydrate formation difference contrast, the closed system simulation experiment in the two-dimensional experimental device, and the preliminary understanding of the space distribution in the process of hydrate formation, namely, the early formation of hydrate formation, hydration. At the end of hydrate formation, coarse particles and fine particles have little effect on the saturation and sound velocity of the sediments. The closer to the gas source in the sediments, the more easily the hydrate is generated, and the hydrate saturation gradually tends to be consistent with the time. The empirical formula between the Vp-Vs and the field data of the same type reservoir in the field is well contrasted, which can provide the basis for estimating the velocity of the longitudinal and transverse waves and the hydrate saturation of the reservoir. The acoustic characteristics of the hydrate under the closed system and the gas migration system are compared and analyzed, and the sound velocity in the closed system is obtained. In the vertical migration system, the sound velocity reflects the trend of rapid, slow and rapid increase. Compared with the experimental results, the measured velocity of sound and hydrate saturation in the northern slope of the South China Sea is compared with the experimental results. The results show that the relationship between sound velocity and hydrate saturation under the gas migration system is the same as the measured data of the South China Sea. The results are consistent. On the basis of different system experiments, the velocity model adapted to the prediction of hydrate saturation is verified. The results show that the velocity model adapted to the gas vertical migration system is the weight equation, the BGTL theory and the equivalent medium theory are in good agreement with the measured values. This experiment is a loose sediment system. Through verification, it is found that the weight equation does not adapt to the measured shear wave velocity. When the hydrate saturation is at 20%-60%, the experimental results are similar to that of the equivalent medium theoretical model A. Under the methane flux supply model, the adaptive velocity model is the BGTL theory and the adjusted equivalent medium theory. In the weight equation, the longitudinal wave velocity predicted by the weight equation has a similar trend with the experimental test value, but there is a certain difference between the calculated value and the actual value. In the equivalent medium theory, when the hydrate saturation is 25%-55%, the experimental results are close to the results of the equivalent medium theoretical model B calculation. When the hydrate saturation is 60%-70%, the actual result is true. The results of the test are in accordance with the A results of the equivalent medium theory model. After the hydrate saturation is more than 80%, the measured values tend to be the equivalent medium theory model C value.BGTL theory and the equivalent medium theory for the prediction of hydrate saturation in the sediments of the South China Sea. Because of the complex effect of hydrate on sediment acoustics, the single parameter selection is difficult to adapt to the different conditions and the.BGTL theory and the equivalent medium theory have good adaptability. Under the high methane flux system, the effect of gas on the sound velocity of sediment needs to be considered, and the adjusted equivalent medium theory model can not only be considered. The estimation of hydrate saturation can also provide guidance for the micro distribution pattern of hydrates. The micro theoretical model of hydrate formation is improved and perfected. According to the theoretical model and the experimental data of CT, the micro distribution pattern of hydrate under different systems is discussed. Under the vertical migration system of gas body, the initial order of hydrate formation is formed. The hydrate is formed in the form of cementation at the particle contact and the surface of the bubble, and the sediment particles are combined together through the hydrate shells. Then the hydrate is generated mainly in the pore fluid. As the hydrate saturation increases, the hydrate in the fluid is contacted with the sediment particles, and the hydrate fills the void void. In the high methane flux leakage system, hydrates are generated mainly in the particle contact mode, and then hydrate will be generated in the pore fluid. With the increase of hydrate saturation, the hydrate in the fluid is exposed to the sediment particles, and the hydrate is produced in the cementation model.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：P618.13

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