本文選題：頁巖地層　切入點：水力壓裂　出處：《西南石油大學》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：水力壓裂技術(shù)是低滲、致密和非常規(guī)油氣藏增產(chǎn)的一項重要措施。在壓裂過程中,地層內(nèi)除了形成水力裂縫之外,常含有諸如天然裂縫、節(jié)理、斷層等不連續(xù)面,所有這些結(jié)構(gòu)面的力學行為都會對最終的裂縫形態(tài)和壓裂效果產(chǎn)生重要影響。過去由于巖體的抗張強度一般小于剪切強度,因此裂縫的張性破壞研究地比較充分,而剪切滑移行為并未引起重視。近年來,隨著頁巖油氣的開發(fā),人們逐漸認識到裂縫的剪切滑移對地層的導流能力提升有重要的影響,但目前開展的定量研究并不多。 本文首先討論了剪切裂縫形成的力學條件,描述了裂縫剪切滑移的物理過程,然后以二維平面裂縫為研究對象,分別引入復(fù)變函數(shù)理論與位移不連續(xù)方法,建立了Ⅰ-Ⅱ型水力壓裂縫應(yīng)力及位移場計算模型和天然裂縫的滑移量計算模型。最終,基于滑移量計算結(jié)果,定量分析了由剪切滑移引起的裂縫導流能力的變化。 理論分析表明,剪切滑移常發(fā)生天然裂縫或節(jié)理中,滑移過程中的剪切膨脹現(xiàn)象對裂縫的導流能力提升有重要影響；滑移量大小受力學參數(shù)和地層性質(zhì)等控制,與裂縫半長和剪切應(yīng)力成正比,與楊氏模量及摩擦系數(shù)成反比；天然裂縫面的剪切滑移存在閾值壓力,低于該壓力時天然裂縫的存在對應(yīng)力分布沒有影響,應(yīng)力超過閾值后裂縫面從中部開始滑移。實驗研究表明,裂縫發(fā)生剪切滑移后,導流能力會發(fā)生數(shù)量級的增加,但導流能力與具體滑移量之間并無明顯聯(lián)系。 研究結(jié)果對頁巖地層縫網(wǎng)壓裂剪切滑移機制研究及壓裂優(yōu)化設(shè)計具有一定的指導意義。
[Abstract]:Hydraulic fracturing is an important measure to increase production in low permeability, dense and unconventional reservoirs. In the process of fracturing, in addition to forming hydraulic fractures, there are often discontinuous surfaces such as natural fractures, joints, faults, etc. The mechanical behavior of all these structural planes will have an important impact on the ultimate fracture morphology and fracturing effect. In the past, the tensile strength of rock mass was generally smaller than that of shear strength, so the tensile failure of fracture was studied more fully. In recent years, with the development of shale oil and gas, people have come to realize that the shear slip of fractures has an important effect on the enhancement of formation conductivity, but there are few quantitative studies carried out at present. In this paper, the mechanical conditions for the formation of shear fractures are discussed, and the physical process of shear slip is described. Then the theory of complex variable function and the method of discontinuity of displacement are introduced. The calculation model of stress and displacement field and the slip calculation model of natural crack are established. Finally, based on the calculation results of slip quantity, the variation of fracture conductivity caused by shear slip is quantitatively analyzed. Theoretical analysis shows that shearing slip often occurs in natural cracks or joints, the shear expansion phenomenon in the process of slip has an important effect on the enhancement of the conductivity of cracks, and the magnitude of slippage is controlled by mechanical parameters and formation properties, etc. It is directly proportional to the fracture half length and shear stress, and inversely proportional to Young's modulus and friction coefficient. There is a threshold pressure on the shear slip of the natural fracture surface, but the existence of the natural crack has no effect on the stress distribution when the pressure is lower. After the stress exceeds the threshold value, the fracture surface begins to slip from the middle part. The experimental results show that the conductivity increases by an order of magnitude after the shear slip occurs, but there is no obvious relationship between the conductivity and the specific slip. The research results have certain guiding significance for the study of fracturing and slip mechanism of fracture network in shale formation and the optimum design of fracturing.
【學位授予單位】：西南石油大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TE357.1

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