本文關(guān)鍵詞： 水力壓裂 支撐劑 陶粒 石英砂 樹脂改性技術(shù)　出處：《北京科技大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：隨著全球非常規(guī)油氣開發(fā)日漸風(fēng)靡,水力壓裂技術(shù)由于成本低廉、易實施且增產(chǎn)顯著,逐漸發(fā)展成為難以取代的主流壓裂手段。為應(yīng)對新壓裂環(huán)境的挑戰(zhàn),達到綠色環(huán)保、高效、低成本的目標,壓裂液中含量約占9.5%的支撐劑組分的改性研發(fā),獲得越來越多的關(guān)注。常用支撐劑主要有原砂、陶粒和樹脂覆砂。近年來,為提高油氣開采率,并針對不同油氣儲層的條件,新型支撐劑如超高強、超輕、新型包覆改性類、自懸浮、棒狀等進入人們的視野。我國非常規(guī)油氣資源豐富,但低滲透、低壓、低豐度的儲層特點對壓裂技術(shù)提出新挑戰(zhàn)。本文首先調(diào)研了傳統(tǒng)支撐劑到新型支撐劑的發(fā)展史,系統(tǒng)總結(jié)、分析了各類支撐劑的優(yōu)缺點,預(yù)測未來支撐劑將向小尺寸、多功能、高性能、智能化,四個大方向發(fā)展。基于此,本文圍繞化學(xué)改性、結(jié)構(gòu)改性、物理改性三大方面分別對支撐劑進行疏水功能改性及pH響應(yīng)智能改性、多形狀設(shè)計、物理混纖等研究。支撐劑表面化學(xué)改性是本論文研究重點之一。通過化學(xué)改性,改變支撐劑表面親疏水性能,可以調(diào)控油水的流通性質(zhì),從而有效提高油氣開采量。第一部分選用不同尺寸的砂子、陶粒常規(guī)支撐劑,以及納米硅、碳納米管等小尺寸顆粒,分別通過小分子自組裝法、疏水樹脂潤濕法及樹脂包覆法進行疏水功能改性。通過接觸角測試、毛細管法、傅里葉紅外光譜測試、掃描電鏡及能譜分析、原子力顯微鏡測試、熱失重測試、滲流測試等對產(chǎn)品進行表征,進一步從微觀化學(xué)、微觀結(jié)構(gòu)、微觀力學(xué)等方面對不同改性方法進行理論研究并分析影響因素,得到顆粒尺寸越大,表面規(guī)整度越好,樹脂潤濕改性效果越好;支撐劑表面活性越高,改性效果越好。第二部分圍繞化學(xué)智能改性展開,通過原子轉(zhuǎn)移自由基聚合法(ATRP)制得疏水型、pH響應(yīng)型智能支撐劑。改性過程中經(jīng)聚合、水解等步驟,可控制支撐劑由親水到疏水再到親水的性能轉(zhuǎn)變。圍繞結(jié)構(gòu)改性研究,提出四腿形、八腿形和空心型等新型支撐劑的設(shè)計,以增加堆積孔隙率,增大運移距離。分別使用Monte Carlo法和EDEM法對設(shè)計的新型支撐劑與傳統(tǒng)球形支撐劑做孔隙度測試模擬,得到支腿數(shù)目越多,支腿越長,孔隙率越大的結(jié)論。使用3D打印機制作新型支撐劑,通過水流通實驗,對模擬結(jié)果進行驗證。選擇綜合性能最好的四腿(長)形支撐劑,通過動態(tài)運移模擬與傳統(tǒng)球形進行對比,運移距離明顯增大。在運移過程中,新型支撐劑可以翻滾前進,提高輸送效率,支腿間交叉堆積可以有效控制回流。在物理改性研究方面,使用可降解聚乳酸纖維,對支撐劑進行混纖實驗研究。支撐劑混纖可以有效降低垂直沉降速度,增加運移距離。通過熱穩(wěn)定性、沉降性測試等系列實驗對纖維的尺寸、添加量等因素進行選擇,再通過攜砂與返排實驗等研究,確認聚乳酸纖維可以有效增加壓裂液攜砂能力,降低支撐劑返排量,提高壓裂液返排速度。
[Abstract]:With the popularity of unconventional oil and gas development in the world, hydraulic fracturing technology has become a mainstream fracturing method which is difficult to replace because of its low cost, easy to implement and significant increase in production, in order to meet the challenge of new fracturing environment. To achieve the goal of green environmental protection, high efficiency, low cost, fracturing fluid content of about 9.5% percent of the proppant component modification research and development, more and more attention. Commonly used proppant mainly raw sand. In recent years, in order to improve the oil and gas recovery rate, and according to the conditions of different oil and gas reservoirs, new proppant such as super high strength, super light, new coating modified class, self-suspension. Our country is rich in unconventional oil and gas resources, but has low permeability and low pressure. The characteristics of low abundance reservoirs pose a new challenge to fracturing technology. Firstly, the history of traditional proppant to new proppant is investigated, and the advantages and disadvantages of each proppant are analyzed systematically. It is predicted that the future proppant will be developed in the direction of small size, multi-function, high performance, intelligence and four major directions. Based on this, this paper focuses on chemical modification and structural modification. Three major aspects of physical modification were hydrophobic modification of proppant and intelligent modification of pH response, multi-shape design. Chemical modification of proppant surface is one of the key points in this paper. Through chemical modification, the hydrophobic property of proppant surface can be changed to regulate the flow of oil and water. In the first part, sand of different sizes, conventional proppant of ceramsite, and small size particles such as nano-silicon and carbon nanotubes were selected respectively through small molecular self-assembly method. Hydrophobic resin wetting method and resin coating method were used to modify hydrophobic function. Contact angle test, capillary method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum analysis, atomic force microscope, thermogravimetric test were used. The percolation test was used to characterize the product. Further, different modification methods were studied theoretically from the aspects of microchemistry, microstructure and micromechanics, and the influencing factors were analyzed. The larger the particle size was, the bigger the particle size was. The better the surface regularity, the better the effect of resin wetting modification; The higher the surface activity of the proppant, the better the modification effect. The second part is about the chemical intelligent modification, the hydrophobic type is prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Ph responsive intelligent proppant. Through polymerization, hydrolysis and other steps in the process of modification, the properties of proppant from hydrophilic to hydrophobic and then to hydrophilic can be controlled. The design of new proppant, such as octahedron and hollow type, to increase the accumulation porosity. Monte Carlo method and EDEM method were used to simulate the porosity of the new proppant and the traditional spherical proppant. The more the number of legs was, the longer the leg was. The new proppant was made by 3D printer, and the simulation results were verified by the water flow experiment. The four-legged (long) proppant with the best comprehensive performance was selected. Compared with the traditional sphere, the dynamic migration simulation results in the obvious increase of the migration distance. In the process of migration, the new proppant can roll forward and improve the transport efficiency. The cross stacking between the legs can effectively control the reflux. In the physical modification research, the use of degradable polylactic acid fiber for the experimental study of the proppant. The proppant blend can effectively reduce the vertical sedimentation rate. Through a series of experiments, such as thermal stability, sedimentation test and so on, to select the fiber size, adding amount and other factors, and then through the sand carrying and back discharge experiments. It is confirmed that polylactic acid fiber can effectively increase the sand carrying capacity of fracturing fluid, reduce the amount of proppant backflow, and increase the rate of back discharge of fracturing fluid.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TE357.12

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 賈旭楠;;支撐劑的研究現(xiàn)狀及展望[J];石油化工應(yīng)用;2017年09期

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本文編號：1472502