本文選題：標準化戰(zhàn)略 + 績效評價�。� 參考：《武漢大學》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：現(xiàn)今標準和標準化是一個時尚的話題,有關(guān)ISO標準及其相關(guān)認證廣泛應(yīng)用于企業(yè)界和管理學界。但是實踐中相當多的企業(yè)管理上并沒有真正做到標準化,部分企業(yè)甚至是有選擇性地標準化。很多企業(yè)進行ISO認證也只是表面功夫,真正完全照做的較少。標準化意識不強造成了中國社會經(jīng)濟生活中的很多假冒偽劣現(xiàn)象。中國企業(yè)在標準化競爭中觀念落后,企業(yè)標準體系不健全,管理機制落后,人才缺乏,搞認證形式主義等是難以克服的大問題。 作為國民經(jīng)濟中的重要產(chǎn)業(yè),建筑業(yè)與人民群眾生活息息相關(guān)。盡管我國對建筑業(yè)管制較嚴格,各類工程建設(shè)標準非常多,但我國建筑企業(yè)管理水平和標準化程度不高,建造方式傳統(tǒng)落后,效率較低,在工程建設(shè)質(zhì)量、安全和企業(yè)創(chuàng)新等方面問題突出,因而迫切需要實施標準化戰(zhàn)略。 既有文獻關(guān)于標準化對企業(yè)競爭優(yōu)勢的形成的探討尚處于比較粗淺的階段,尚無文獻認真分析標準化對企業(yè)價值形成、研發(fā)和競爭優(yōu)勢等方面的影響過程和作用機制。有關(guān)企業(yè)標準化戰(zhàn)略選擇的研究中分析變量一般僅為1-2個,缺乏在內(nèi)外部復雜環(huán)境多變量情況下選擇企業(yè)標準化戰(zhàn)略的方法和模式及其工具選擇。此外,戰(zhàn)略的實施需要對其績效進行評價,而對企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略績效評價的研究較少,對企業(yè)標準化戰(zhàn)略績效的評價則新更是全新的領(lǐng)域。而對建筑企業(yè)來說,缺乏將標準化作為企業(yè)一項戰(zhàn)略行動進行研究的文獻。因此,本研究著重解決標準化對企業(yè)競爭優(yōu)勢形成等方面的影響機制、多變量情況下標準化戰(zhàn)略的選擇和實施、標準化戰(zhàn)略績效評價等課題。 標準具有多方面的屬性,標準化也從多方面促進企業(yè)競爭能力提升。標準的經(jīng)濟作用主要表現(xiàn)在增進協(xié)調(diào)、降低交易費用、解決“檸檬市場”困境、提供績效評價和考核的尺度、促進貿(mào)易等,標準是企業(yè)內(nèi)一種管理手段和考核衡量的尺度,通過標準化可促進創(chuàng)新、降低成本、改善企業(yè)與外部的關(guān)系,通過與企業(yè)知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的結(jié)合,提供了企業(yè)壟斷市場和攫取超額利潤的基礎(chǔ)。 在分析了標準化對企業(yè)競爭優(yōu)勢提升的作用機制以后,本研究詳細探討了建筑企業(yè)標準化戰(zhàn)略的選擇、實施和評價問題,得出的主要結(jié)論如下： 第一,建筑企業(yè)實施標準化戰(zhàn)略對改善企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理水平和提高競爭能力助力極大。 第二,建筑企業(yè)標準化戰(zhàn)略的可選模式和工具較多。從外部環(huán)境分析,影響企業(yè)標準化戰(zhàn)略選擇的主要因素有企業(yè)所在行業(yè)的背景、行業(yè)技術(shù)特性、法律政策、相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)支持程度、競爭對手情況等因素。從內(nèi)部因素分析,企業(yè)內(nèi)部資源和能力是影響企業(yè)標準化戰(zhàn)略策略和路徑的關(guān)鍵因素。企業(yè)標準化的發(fā)展過程可分為入門、起步、跟進、發(fā)展、趕超這五個階段。 第三,應(yīng)有效測度建筑企業(yè)標準化戰(zhàn)略實施績效。本研究中按照績效評價的基本原理,借鑒了多個方面的學科和知識體系,包括標準化基本理論、項目管理、戰(zhàn)略管理、企業(yè)標準體系、標準化良好行為企業(yè)、質(zhì)量管理與卓越績效管理、企業(yè)成熟度、平衡計分卡等諸多領(lǐng)域的原理和知識,根據(jù)多目標綜合評價理論開發(fā)了相應(yīng)建筑企業(yè)標準化戰(zhàn)略績效評價體系,并通過具體案例的評價過程驗證了該評價體系的科學性和可行性。 第四,建筑企業(yè)標準化戰(zhàn)略實施應(yīng)采用過程方法并持續(xù)改進。應(yīng)強調(diào)標準化戰(zhàn)略實施的領(lǐng)導作用、全員參與、系統(tǒng)方法等特點,需要具備良好的標準化氛圍和意識的組織文化。 從建筑企業(yè)標準化戰(zhàn)略實施和評價相關(guān)文獻研究及結(jié)論分析,作為企業(yè)標準化戰(zhàn)略實施及其績效評價的有益探索,本研究的主要創(chuàng)新點體現(xiàn)在：第一,較詳細分析了標準和標準化對企業(yè)競爭能力提升的作用機制；第二,研究了基于企業(yè)內(nèi)外部環(huán)境多變量因素影響下建筑企業(yè)標準化戰(zhàn)略可選模式及其演化路徑及其在戰(zhàn)略實施中的可選工具；第三,構(gòu)建了基于多學科融合的建筑企業(yè)標準化戰(zhàn)略績效評價體系,并通過具體建筑企業(yè)為例實證檢驗了該評價體系的科學性、合理性和標準化戰(zhàn)略績效評價的可行性。 最后,為提高建筑企業(yè)標準化戰(zhàn)略績效,研究中也從政府和企業(yè)兩方面給出了相應(yīng)的政策建議。從政府層面分析,政府要完善標準化運行機制和標準化體系并嚴格執(zhí)行,制定完善的標準化戰(zhàn)略體系和相關(guān)的技術(shù)法規(guī)及知識產(chǎn)權(quán)法規(guī),并優(yōu)先保證完善工程建設(shè)安全、勞動保護、環(huán)境保護、勞動者權(quán)益保護等方面的標準體系,同時使得標準化建設(shè)公開化和信息化。從企業(yè)層面分析,企業(yè)應(yīng)首先具備標準化戰(zhàn)略的意識,并逐步建立合理的企業(yè)標準體系,參與到國內(nèi)國際各層面標準的制訂工作之中,同時企業(yè)應(yīng)協(xié)調(diào)各標準體系之間的關(guān)系,注重于標準化戰(zhàn)略相關(guān)方面尤其是知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護、信息化建設(shè)等工作,選擇合適的標準化戰(zhàn)略工具并實時監(jiān)控和持續(xù)改進。
[Abstract]:Today ' s standards and standardization are a fashionable topic , and the relevant ISO standards and their related certifications are widely used in the business community and the management circle . However , there are quite a lot of enterprise management in practice not really standardized , some enterprises are even selectively standardized . Many enterprises do not have a strong sense of standardization . The standardization consciousness is not strong , which causes many fake and inferior phenomena in Chinese social and economic life . The Chinese enterprises are backward in the standardized competition , the enterprise standard system is not perfect , the management mechanism is backward , the talent lack , the authentication formalist and so on are difficult to overcome .

As the important industry in the national economy , the construction industry is closely related to the people ' s life . Although China has strict control over the construction industry , the standards of various engineering projects are very much , but the management level and standardization degree of the construction enterprises in our country are not high , the construction mode is traditionally backward , the efficiency is low , and the standardization strategy is urgently needed in the aspects of engineering construction quality , safety and enterprise innovation .

This paper studies the influence mechanism of standardization on the formation of enterprise ' s value , R & D and competitive advantage .

The standard has many attributes , standardization also promotes enterprise ' s competitive ability from various aspects . The standard economic function mainly manifests in improving coordination , reducing transaction cost , solving the " lemon market " predicament , providing the scales of performance evaluation and assessment , promoting trade , etc .

After analyzing the mechanism of standardizing the enterprise ' s competitive advantage , this paper discusses the selection , implementation and evaluation of the standardization strategy of building enterprise . The main conclusions are as follows :

First , construction enterprises implement standardized strategy to improve the management level of enterprises and enhance the competitiveness of enterprises .

Second , there are many alternative models and tools for the standardization strategy of construction enterprises . From the external environment analysis , the main factors that influence the choice of enterprise standardization strategy are the background , industry technical characteristic , legal policy , relevant industry support degree , competition situation and so on . From the internal factor analysis , the internal resources and ability of the enterprise are the key factors that influence the strategy and path of enterprise standardization strategy . The development process of enterprise standardization can be divided into the following five stages : getting started , starting , following up and developing .

Third , we should effectively measure the performance of the construction enterprise standardization strategy . According to the basic principle of performance evaluation , we draw on the principles and knowledge in many fields , including standardization basic theory , project management , strategic management , enterprise standard system , standardized good behavior enterprise , quality management and excellent performance management , enterprise maturity , balanced scorecard , etc .

Fourth , the implementation of standardization strategy of construction enterprise should adopt process method and continuous improvement . It should emphasize the leading role of standardization strategy , the participation of the whole staff , the system method and so on , and the organization culture with good standardized atmosphere and consciousness is needed .

From the research and conclusion analysis of the research and conclusion about the implementation and evaluation of the standardization strategy of the construction enterprise , as the beneficial exploration of the implementation of the enterprise standardization strategy and the performance evaluation , the main innovation points of the research are as follows : First , the mechanism of the standard and standardization of the enterprise ' s competitiveness enhancement is analyzed in detail ;
Secondly , the choice model of building enterprise standardized strategy and its evolutionary path and its optional tools in strategy implementation are studied based on the multi - variable factors of enterprise ' s internal and external environment .
Thirdly , the paper constructs the standard strategic performance evaluation system of building enterprise based on multi - disciplinary integration , and empirically tests the feasibility of scientific , reasonable and standardized strategic performance evaluation of the evaluation system .

Finally , in order to improve the standard strategic performance of the construction enterprises , the corresponding policy suggestions are also given from both the government and the enterprise . From the analysis of the government level , the government should perfect the standard system of standardization operation mechanism and standardization system , and make standardization construction open and informationized . At the same time , the enterprise should have the consciousness of standardizing the strategy and the relevant technical regulations and intellectual property laws . At the same time , the enterprise should establish the rational enterprise standard system and take part in the development work of the national standards at the national level . At the same time , the enterprise should coordinate the relationship between the standard systems , pay attention to the standardization strategy - related aspects , especially the intellectual property protection and information construction , and select the appropriate standardized strategic tool and monitor and continuously improve the standard system in real time .

【學位授予單位】：武漢大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：F272;F426.92

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