本文選題：太陽(yáng)能　切入點(diǎn)：熱管　出處：《中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)》2013年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：在我國(guó),目前建筑能耗約占全社會(huì)總能耗的1/3左右,其中占比最大的建筑能耗是采暖和制冷。與氣候條件相近的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比,我國(guó)建筑每平方米采暖能耗約是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的3倍。隨著人們物質(zhì)生活水平的提高,對(duì)冬季采暖和夏季制冷的需求會(huì)逐漸提高,給我國(guó)建筑節(jié)能提出了巨大挑戰(zhàn)。 隨著常規(guī)能源的日益枯竭和環(huán)境問(wèn)題的日益嚴(yán)峻,太陽(yáng)能因其清潔、綠色、可再生的特點(diǎn),引起人們的關(guān)注。但是太陽(yáng)能存在間歇性及能流密度低的特點(diǎn),規(guī)模使用需要很大的面積。在城市,太陽(yáng)能與建筑具有非常好的結(jié)合性,建筑可以為太陽(yáng)能的應(yīng)用提供載體,而太陽(yáng)能可以大大減小建筑的能耗。光伏發(fā)電技術(shù)和太陽(yáng)能光熱技術(shù)作為太陽(yáng)能的兩種主要利用方式,近年來(lái)得到了迅速的發(fā)展。太陽(yáng)能光熱技術(shù)是目前最成熟、普及率最高的太陽(yáng)能技術(shù),目前最常見的太陽(yáng)能光熱利用方式為太陽(yáng)能熱水、太陽(yáng)能空氣采暖以及太陽(yáng)能熱泵。太陽(yáng)能光伏光熱綜合利用(PV/T)技術(shù)將太陽(yáng)能光伏發(fā)電技術(shù)和太陽(yáng)能光熱技術(shù)有機(jī)結(jié)合,一方面系統(tǒng)可以同時(shí)得到電能和熱能,提高了太陽(yáng)能的綜合利用率；另一方面,冷卻流體可以帶走光伏電池的熱量,降低電池工作溫度,提高電池的光電效率。 重力熱管是一種具有良好傳熱性能的元件,依靠自身內(nèi)部工作液體的相變實(shí)現(xiàn)傳熱。重力熱管與普通的太陽(yáng)能平板集熱器或PV/T集熱器具有很好的結(jié)合性,可以解決普通水冷系統(tǒng)冬季結(jié)冰的問(wèn)題,同時(shí)通過(guò)熱管的間接傳熱避免了集熱器吸熱板芯的腐蝕,提高了集熱器的壽命；另外熱管具有非常好的等溫性,與PV/T結(jié)合時(shí)可以降低光伏電池間的溫度差異,提高其光電轉(zhuǎn)化效率。熱管與太陽(yáng)能集熱器結(jié)合方式主要有兩種,一種是將普通的整體式重力熱管(簡(jiǎn)稱整體熱管)與太陽(yáng)能集熱器的結(jié)合；另外一種是重力環(huán)形熱管(簡(jiǎn)稱環(huán)形熱管)的改造,將整個(gè)集熱器作為環(huán)形熱管的蒸發(fā)段,將水箱里面的盤管作為冷凝段。環(huán)形熱管的蒸發(fā)段和冷凝段分離的特性使其與建筑具有非常好的結(jié)合性；同時(shí)環(huán)形熱管和熱泵也具有非常好的結(jié)合性,二者可以采用相同的循環(huán)工質(zhì),可以采用相同的集熱器-蒸發(fā)器,可以大大簡(jiǎn)化系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)。 本文將整體熱管和環(huán)形熱管與普通的太陽(yáng)能集熱器和PV/T集熱器結(jié)合,提出了整體熱管式PV/T系統(tǒng)、環(huán)形熱管式太陽(yáng)能光熱系統(tǒng)、環(huán)形熱管式PV/T系統(tǒng)；同時(shí)將環(huán)形熱管與光伏-太陽(yáng)能熱泵系統(tǒng)結(jié)合,提出了光伏-太陽(yáng)能環(huán)形熱管／熱泵復(fù)合系統(tǒng)(PV-SALHP/HP)。環(huán)形熱管可以減小熱泵系統(tǒng)的能耗,熱泵可以彌補(bǔ)太陽(yáng)能間歇性的特點(diǎn),通過(guò)對(duì)熱管運(yùn)行模式和熱泵運(yùn)行模式的切換可以提高設(shè)備利用率和太陽(yáng)能利用率。 本文的研究工作主要包括以下幾個(gè)方面： (1)設(shè)計(jì)和搭建了整體熱管式PV/T系統(tǒng),并對(duì)系統(tǒng)在有、無(wú)玻璃蓋板下的綜合性能進(jìn)行了比較。結(jié)果顯示,有玻璃蓋板時(shí)系統(tǒng)日平均光熱效率為41.30%,日平均光電效率為9.42%,日平均(?)效率為6.87%。無(wú)蓋板時(shí)系統(tǒng)的日平均光熱效率為37.16%,日平均光電效率11.51%,日平均(?)效率為8.01%。同時(shí)建立了整體熱管式PV/T系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)學(xué)模型,并與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行了對(duì)比,結(jié)果表明二者具有很好的一致性。 (2)設(shè)計(jì)和搭建了環(huán)形熱管式PV/T系統(tǒng)和普通水冷型PV/T系統(tǒng)的對(duì)比實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái),并對(duì)二者的綜合性能進(jìn)行了比較分析。結(jié)果表明,環(huán)形熱管式PV/T系統(tǒng)具有較低的光熱效率,較高的光電效率,但是二者具有相近的炯效率。 (3)設(shè)計(jì)和搭建了環(huán)形熱管式太陽(yáng)能光熱系統(tǒng),對(duì)不同充注量下系統(tǒng)的熱性能進(jìn)行了長(zhǎng)期的室外測(cè)試,并通過(guò)三次線性插值的方式求解出了系統(tǒng)的最佳充注量。結(jié)果顯示,不同充注量下,集熱器和系統(tǒng)的熱性能擬合都呈現(xiàn)相同的趨勢(shì),為先增大后減小,而熱損都是逐漸減小；系統(tǒng)最佳的體積充注量為36.6%。 (4)設(shè)計(jì)和搭建了動(dòng)力環(huán)形熱管式太陽(yáng)能光熱系統(tǒng),并對(duì)50%體積充注量下系統(tǒng)的熱性能進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)研究。結(jié)果表明擬合后的集熱器和系統(tǒng)的熱性能與普通的水冷型光熱系統(tǒng)性能接近,擬合系統(tǒng)日平均熱效率為51.4%。 (5)建立了直膨式光伏-太陽(yáng)能熱泵系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)學(xué)模型,并與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證。結(jié)果表明,對(duì)壓縮機(jī)功率及水箱溫度的模擬具有較好的一致性；由于壓縮機(jī)模型中未考慮兩相的影響,光電效率只考慮了溫度對(duì)效率的影響,模擬的壓縮機(jī)進(jìn)口壓力和光電效率與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果具有較大的誤差。 (6)設(shè)計(jì)和搭建了光伏-太陽(yáng)能環(huán)形熱管／熱泵復(fù)合系統(tǒng)(PV-SALHP/HP),并對(duì)熱管單獨(dú)運(yùn)行模式下和熱泵運(yùn)行模式下系統(tǒng)的性能進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)研究。研究結(jié)果表明,熱管單獨(dú)運(yùn)行模式下,系統(tǒng)的日平均熱效率為43.6%,日平均光電效率為11.3%；熱泵單獨(dú)運(yùn)行模型,系統(tǒng)的日平均COP為3.66,日平均光電效率為12.1%,日平均光熱效率可達(dá)57.5%。
[Abstract]:In our country, the current building energy consumption accounts for about 1/3 of the total energy consumption of the whole society, which is the largest proportion of building energy consumption for heating and cooling. Compared to developed countries with similar climate conditions, our country building heating energy consumption per square meter is about 3 times that of developed countries. As the living level improved, the the winter heating and summer cooling demand will gradually increase, has posed great challenges to China's building energy efficiency.
With the increasing depletion of conventional energy and environmental problems become more and more serious, solar energy for its clean, green, renewable characteristics, cause the attention of people. But there are intermittent solar and energy flow characteristics of low density, the scale of use requires a lot of area in the city, the sun can combine well with the building, the building can be to provide support for the use of solar energy and solar energy can greatly reduce the energy consumption of the building. The photovoltaic technology and solar thermal technology as the two main use of solar, in recent years has been rapid development. Solar thermal technology is the most mature, the highest penetration rate of solar technology, the most common use of solar energy as the solar water heater, solar air heating and solar energy heat pump. Solar photovoltaic (PV/T) solar thermal utilization technology of the solar photovoltaic power generation technology Combined with solar thermal technology, on the one hand, the system can get power and heat at the same time, improve the comprehensive utilization of solar energy. On the other hand, cooling fluid can take away the heat of photovoltaic cells, reduce the working temperature of batteries, and improve the photoelectric efficiency of batteries.
The gravity heat pipe is provided with a good heat transfer performance of the components, rely on internal work to achieve the liquid phase change heat transfer. The gravity heat pipe collector with a combination of good and ordinary flat plate solar collector or PV/T, can solve the problem of the ordinary winter ice water cooling system, at the same time through indirect heat pipes to avoid the corrosion of the collector absorber plate core, improve the collector's life; in addition the isothermal heat pipe has very good, you can combine with PV/T to reduce the temperature difference between the photovoltaic cell, improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency. The heat pipe and the solar collector combination mainly has two kinds, one is the integrated gravity heat pipe (referred to as the common integrated heat pipe heat exchanger) combined with solar set; another is the gravity loop heat pipe (the circular heat pipe) transformation, the collector as the evaporation section of loop heat pipe, the water tank The inside of the coil as the condensing section. The evaporation section and the condensation section of the separation characteristics of annular heat pipe combined well with the building with circular heat pipe and heat pump; at the same time also has a very good combination of the two can use the same refrigerant, can use Collector - the same evaporator. Can greatly simplify the structure of the system.
The whole heat pipe and annular heat pipe heat collector with solar collector and PV/T tube type PV/T system is proposed. The overall heat, the annular heat pipe type solar thermal system, the annular heat pipe PV/T system; combining the circular heat pipe and photovoltaic solar assisted heat pump system, the PV - the annular solar heat pipe / heat pump system (PV-SALHP/HP). The annular heat pipe can reduce the energy consumption of heat pump system, heat pump can compensate for the intermittent characteristics of solar energy through the heat pipe, switching operation mode and operation mode of heat pump can improve the utilization ratio and the utilization of solar energy equipment.
The research work of this paper mainly includes the following aspects:
(1) design and build the integrated heat pipe type PV/T system, and the system in a comprehensive performance, no glass cover were compared. The results showed that the glass cover system on average thermal efficiency was 41.30%, the average optical efficiency is 9.42%, the average daily efficiency of 6.87%. (?) without cover the average thermal efficiency of 37.16%, the average optical efficiency of 11.51%, the average daily efficiency of 8.01%. (?) and establishes a mathematical model of the whole heat pipe PV/T system, and compared with the experimental results, the results showed that the two are in good agreement.
(2) contrast test rig was designed and built an annular heat pipe type water-cooled type ordinary PV/T system and PV/T system, and the comprehensive performance of the two carried out a comparative analysis. The results show that it has low thermal efficiency of annular heat pipe PV/T system, photoelectric efficiency is higher, but the two have similar Jiong efficiency.
(3) design and build a circular heat pipe type solar thermal system, the thermal performance of different charge system of long-term outdoor tests, and by three linear interpolation method to calculate the optimal charge system. The results showed that the different filling quantity, the thermal performance of the collector fitting device and system are showed the same trend, firstly increased and then decreased, and the heat loss is gradually decreased; the volume filling quantity of the best system for 36.6%.
(4) the design and tube type solar thermal system to build a dynamic circular heat, and thermal properties of the 50% volume charge system were studied. The results show that the thermal performance of the collector to the fitting and the system with ordinary water-cooling thermal system performance, system fitting the average thermal efficiency of 51.4%.
(5) to establish the dynamic mathematical model of photovoltaic direct expansion solar assisted heat pump system, and verified with the experimental results. The results show that the simulation of the compressor power and the temperature of the water tank has good consistency; without considering the influence of two-phase compressor model, the photoelectric efficiency only considers the influence of temperature on the efficiency of the the compressor inlet pressure, simulation and experimental results of photoelectric efficiency and has a large error.
(6) design and build a photovoltaic solar - circular heat pipe / heat pump system (PV-SALHP/HP), and the performance of the heat pipe separate operation mode and operation mode of heat pump system were studied. The results show that the heat pipe separate operation mode, on the flat system are the thermal efficiency is 43.6%, Japan the average optical efficiency is 11.3%; heat pump separate operation model, COP system on average was 3.66, the average optical efficiency is 12.1%, the average thermal efficiency can reach 57.5%.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：TU18;TK519

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