【摘要】：隨著科學技術的不斷進步,農(nóng)業(yè)機械成為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中不可或缺的勞動工具。農(nóng)業(yè)機械對土壤造成的負面影響已經(jīng)引起國內(nèi)外學者的廣泛關注。本文采用室內(nèi)單軸壓縮試驗探討黑土在不同容重、含水量,黏粒、TOC的初始條件下的壓縮特性,并研究了田間機械碾壓次數(shù)對不同土層土壤物理性狀的影響。研究結果如下：(1)土壤初始含水量、容重及其交互作用對黑土的先期固結壓力(σp)和壓縮指數(shù)(Cc)的影響是極顯著的(P0.01)。先期固結壓力與土壤容重呈正相關關系而與初始含水量呈現(xiàn)負相關關系(P0.01),其中先期固結壓力容重1.5 g·cm-3較1.1 g.cm-3增幅達749.7%,含水量25%較15%降幅達36.3%。容重與壓縮指數(shù)呈負相關關系(P0.05)。土壤對外界的抵抗能力隨著容重的增加而增加,而隨著含水量的增加而減小,且含水量越高,土壤受到外力后,更容易發(fā)生形變。(2)黏粒添加量、TOC及其交互作用對黑土土壤的先期固結壓力、壓縮指數(shù)均會產(chǎn)生顯著影響(P＜0.05)；其中黏粒添加量與TOC均與σp呈顯著正相關關系。黏粒與TOC含量的增加均會使黑土先期固結壓力增大,其中先期固結壓力黏粒添加量40%較無黏粒添加量比增幅達73.5%；高有機質含量土壤較低有機質含量土壤比增幅達158.6%；土壤TOC含量與黏粒含量越高,壓縮指數(shù)越大,土壤被壓縮后越容易發(fā)生形變。(3)田間機械碾壓試驗結果表明：對于同一土層,碾壓次數(shù)與土壤容重、機械阻力成正相關關系(P0.05)；與土壤孔隙度、飽和導水率呈負相關；碾壓對上層土壤影響最大,與對照相比,0-10cm土層容重最高增幅達40%,孔隙度最高降幅29.1%,各處理0-20cm土層飽和導水率的降幅均達到99%以上。同一碾壓次數(shù)下隨土層深度的增加,土壤物理性狀的改變逐漸減小。碾壓次數(shù)達到兩次及以上時,碾壓次數(shù)對同一土層間的機械阻力,飽和導水率的影響不明顯。綜上,初始容重、含水量和有機質、黏粒含量是影響供試土壤農(nóng)田黑土預固結壓力值和壓縮指數(shù)的重要因素。土壤預固結壓力值同初始容重、有機質含量、黏粒含量呈正相關關系,同初始含水量呈負相關關系。土壤壓縮指數(shù)與初始容重呈負相關、與黏粒含量呈正相關關系、而與含水量關系不密切。田間機械碾壓對0-30cm土壤容重、機械阻力和飽和導水率影響較大。建議在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中要注意適耕期,減少農(nóng)業(yè)機械碾壓次數(shù)。
[Abstract]:With the continuous progress of science and technology, agricultural machinery has become an indispensable labor tool in agricultural production. The negative effects of agricultural machinery on soil have attracted wide attention of scholars at home and abroad. In this paper, the compression characteristics of black soil under the initial conditions of different bulk density, water content, clay and TOC were studied by uniaxial compression test in laboratory, and the effect of field mechanical compaction times on soil physical properties of different soil layers was studied. The results were as follows: (1) the effects of initial soil moisture content, bulk density and their interaction on the preconsolidation pressure (蟽 p) and compression index (Cc) of black soil were significant (P0.01). There was a positive correlation between preconsolidation pressure and soil bulk density and a negative correlation between preconsolidation pressure and initial water content (P0. 01). The preconsolidation pressure bulk density of 1. 5 g cm-3 was 74. 7% higher than that of 1. 1 g.cm-3. The water content of 25% is 36.3% lower than that of 15%. There was a negative correlation between bulk density and compression index (P0.05). The resistance of soil to the outside increases with the increase of bulk density, but decreases with the increase of water content, and the higher the water content is, the more easily the soil is deformed when it is subjected to external force. (2) the amount of clay added, TOC and its interaction had significant effects on the preconsolidation pressure and compression index of black soil (P < 0. 05). There was a significant positive correlation between the addition of clay and TOC and 蟽 p. The increase of clay and TOC content increased the preconsolidation pressure of black soil, and the 40% content of preconsolidation pressure clay increased 73.5% than that of non-clay. The increase of soil ratio of high organic matter content to low organic matter content was 158.6; The higher the content of TOC and clay, the greater the compression index, and the more easily the soil deformed after compression. (3) the results of field mechanical rolling test showed that: for the same soil layer, the compaction times and the bulk density of soil were increased. The mechanical resistance was positively correlated (P0.05); There was a negative correlation between soil porosity and saturated water conductivity. The effect of compaction on the upper soil was the greatest. Compared with the control, the maximum bulk density of 0-10cm soil increased by 40, the highest porosity decreased by 29.1and the saturated water conductivity of each 0-20cm soil layer decreased by more than 99%. With the increase of soil depth, the change of soil physical properties decreased gradually under the same rolling times. When the rolling times reach two or more times, the influence of rolling times on the mechanical resistance and saturated water conductivity of the same soil layer is not obvious. In conclusion, the initial bulk density, water content, organic matter content and clay content are the important factors that affect the preconsolidation pressure and compression index of the black soil. Soil preconsolidation pressure was positively correlated with initial bulk density, organic matter content and clay content, but negatively correlated with initial water content. Soil compression index was negatively correlated with initial bulk density, positively correlated with clay content, but not closely related to water content. Field mechanical compaction has a great effect on 0-30cm soil bulk density, mechanical resistance and saturated water conductivity. It is suggested that we should pay attention to the suitable tillage period and reduce the rolling times of agricultural machinery in agricultural production.
【學位授予單位】：沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S152;S220

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