長(zhǎng)期秸稈還田對(duì)連作棉田秸稈腐解特性及土壤有機(jī)碳平衡的影響
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-01-02 14:36
【摘要】：新疆是我國(guó)重要的商品棉基地,其產(chǎn)量占全國(guó)的60%,由于其種植面積大、種植年限較長(zhǎng)等因素造成土傳病害加重、土壤氮磷鉀含量比例失調(diào)、土壤酶活性下降等連作問題,成為新疆棉花發(fā)展的瓶頸。秸稈還田是農(nóng)業(yè)持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要措施,但其在減緩棉田連作障礙的同時(shí)經(jīng)雪水和雨水淋浸以及微生物分解后會(huì)釋放出化感物質(zhì),從而加劇連作障礙。因此,秸稈還田技術(shù)利與弊同時(shí)存在。探究秸稈腐解規(guī)律和土壤有機(jī)碳平衡能夠?yàn)樵u(píng)價(jià)土壤質(zhì)量和肥力提供科學(xué)依據(jù),因此,本試驗(yàn)基于長(zhǎng)期連作定位試驗(yàn),研究了長(zhǎng)期秸稈還田條件下棉稈的腐解規(guī)律以及棉田土壤有機(jī)碳平衡量的變化。研究結(jié)果如下:1.不同處理棉稈地上部分和根的腐解在總體上表現(xiàn)出“快-慢-快”的變化趨勢(shì)。1 a、10 a和20 a處理中棉稈地上部分快速腐解期為秸稈還田后的前43 d和第193~365 d期間,第43~193 d期間為緩慢腐解期;1 a中棉花根的快速腐解時(shí)期分別在第43~177 d和第193~365 d期間,而10 a、20 a中棉花根的快速腐解時(shí)期均出現(xiàn)在前43 d和第193~365 d期間,不同處理棉花根在其余時(shí)間段腐解緩慢。經(jīng)過一年的腐解,棉稈地上部分和根的腐解率分別達(dá)到47%~58%和39%~59%。與非連作年限相比,連作在秸稈腐解的初始階段(16 d)會(huì)促進(jìn)秸稈的腐解,但一年后,不同連作處理之間的秸稈腐解率差異不顯著。2.棉花秸稈被分解一年后,棉稈中的纖維素、半纖維素和可溶性糖已被大量釋放,剩余的部分釋放緩慢。不同連作處理不會(huì)影響纖維素、半纖維素和可溶性糖的釋放,但會(huì)影響木質(zhì)素的分解。3.從秸稈還田至第二年播種前(共193 d),C釋放率為34.82%~39.62%,N釋放率為40.48%~49.88%,P釋放率為28.84%~34.09%,K釋放率為95.44%~97.19%,養(yǎng)分釋放模式均為直接釋放,且不同處理的棉稈對(duì)C、N、P和K釋放率的大小排序均為KNCP。通過棉花秸稈中的C、N、P和K的釋放規(guī)律可以得出,棉花秸稈還田后,60%的C被固定在土壤中;同時(shí)還為土壤提供大量的氮和鉀,但對(duì)磷素釋放較少,因此在田間施肥過程中,可適當(dāng)減少鉀肥和氮肥的投入,重視磷肥的投入。4.在1 a棉田中,棉稈還田率達(dá)到72.04%時(shí),0~20 cm土層有機(jī)碳能夠達(dá)到平衡,平衡值為11.84 g·kg-1。隨著還田年限的增加,土壤中有機(jī)碳的含量及其儲(chǔ)量均在逐漸增加,當(dāng)還田年限分別達(dá)到第28年、30年和39年時(shí),0~20 cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm土層的有機(jī)碳分別能夠達(dá)到平衡,各土層的平衡值分別為17.2 g·kg-1、15.38 g·kg-1和12.72 g·kg-1。5.0~60 cm土壤有機(jī)碳儲(chǔ)量的變化與秸稈碳投入之間雖然具有顯著正相關(guān)性,但從土壤有機(jī)碳增長(zhǎng)速率來看,棉花連作及秸稈還田5年內(nèi),土壤有機(jī)碳的增長(zhǎng)速率最快,而5年后各土層的有機(jī)碳儲(chǔ)量增加緩慢,當(dāng)還田年限達(dá)到26年時(shí),0~60 cm土壤有機(jī)碳的最大儲(chǔ)量為112.2 t·hm-2。
[Abstract]:Xinjiang is an important commodity cotton base in China, and its yield accounts for 60% of the whole country. Due to its large planting area, long planting years and other factors, the soil-borne diseases are aggravated, the proportion of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is unbalanced, and the soil enzyme activity is decreased. Become the bottleneck of cotton development in Xinjiang. Straw returning to the field is an important measure for the sustainable development of agriculture, but it can release allelopathic substances through snow water, Rain Water leaching and microbial decomposition while slowing down the obstacles of continuous cropping in cotton fields, thus exacerbating the obstacles of continuous cropping. Therefore, the advantages and disadvantages of straw returning to the field exist at the same time. The study of straw decomposition and soil organic carbon balance can provide scientific basis for evaluating soil quality and fertility. Therefore, this experiment is based on long-term continuous cropping location test. The decomposition law of cotton stalk and the change of soil organic carbon balance in cotton field were studied under the condition of returning straw for a long time. The results are as follows: 1. The decomposition of the aboveground part and root of cotton stalk under different treatments showed a trend of "fast, slow and fast" on the whole. 1 the period of rapid decomposition of the aboveground part of cotton stalk in 10 a and 20 years treatment was the first 43 days after straw returning to the field and the period of the first 43 days and 365 days after the straw was returned to the field. The period of 43193d is slow decomposing period; In the first year, the rapid decomposition period of cotton roots occurred in the period of 43177d and 19335th day, respectively, while the period of rapid decomposition of cotton root appeared in the first 43 days and 193365th days in 10a and 20a, respectively. The decomposition of cotton roots with different treatments was slow in the other time periods. After one year of decomposition, the decomposition rates of the aboveground part and root of cotton stalk reached 47% and 39%, respectively. Compared with non-continuous cropping years, continuous cropping promoted the decomposition of straw in the initial stage (16 days), but after one year, there was no significant difference in the decomposition rate of straw among different continuous cropping treatments. 2. After the cotton stalk was decomposed for a year, cellulose, hemicellulose and soluble sugar in the cotton stalk were released in large quantities, while the remaining part was released slowly. The release of cellulose, hemicellulose and soluble sugar was not affected by different continuous cropping treatments, but the decomposition of lignin was affected by 3. 3%. From the straw returning to the field to the second year before sowing (the release rate of 193 d), C was 34.82% and 39.62%), the release rate of N was 40.48% and 49.88%, and the release rate was 28.84% 34.09% and 95.4444% (97.19%). The nutrient release patterns were all direct release, and the order of release rate of cotton stalk to C ~ (2 +) N ~ (+) P and K was KNCP.. It was concluded that 60% of C was immobilized in soil after returning cotton straw to the field according to the release rule of N N P and K in cotton straw. At the same time, it also provided a lot of nitrogen and potassium for the soil, but the release of phosphorus was less, so the input of potassium and nitrogen could be reduced and the input of phosphorus fertilizer could be reduced in the process of fertilization in the field. 4. In 1 year cotton field, when the returning rate of cotton stalk reached 72.04%, the organic carbon of 0 ~ 20 cm soil layer could be balanced, and the equilibrium value was 11.84 g kg-1.. With the increase of returning years, the content and storage of organic carbon in soil increased gradually. When the returning years reached 28 years, 30 years and 39 years respectively, the organic carbon of 0 ~ 20 cm,20~40 cm and 40 ~ 60 cm soil layer could reach equilibrium, respectively. The equilibrium values of soil layers were 17.2g kg-1,15.38 g kg-1 and 12.72g kg-1.5.0~60 cm, respectively, and there was a significant positive correlation between the soil organic carbon storage and straw carbon input. But according to the increasing rate of soil organic carbon, the increase rate of soil organic carbon was the fastest within 5 years after continuous cropping of cotton and straw, but the accumulation of organic carbon in each soil layer increased slowly after 5 years, when the returning years reached 26 years, The maximum soil organic carbon storage of 0 ~ 60 cm is 112.2 t hm-2..
【學(xué)位授予單位】：石河子大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S141.4
[Abstract]:Xinjiang is an important commodity cotton base in China, and its yield accounts for 60% of the whole country. Due to its large planting area, long planting years and other factors, the soil-borne diseases are aggravated, the proportion of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is unbalanced, and the soil enzyme activity is decreased. Become the bottleneck of cotton development in Xinjiang. Straw returning to the field is an important measure for the sustainable development of agriculture, but it can release allelopathic substances through snow water, Rain Water leaching and microbial decomposition while slowing down the obstacles of continuous cropping in cotton fields, thus exacerbating the obstacles of continuous cropping. Therefore, the advantages and disadvantages of straw returning to the field exist at the same time. The study of straw decomposition and soil organic carbon balance can provide scientific basis for evaluating soil quality and fertility. Therefore, this experiment is based on long-term continuous cropping location test. The decomposition law of cotton stalk and the change of soil organic carbon balance in cotton field were studied under the condition of returning straw for a long time. The results are as follows: 1. The decomposition of the aboveground part and root of cotton stalk under different treatments showed a trend of "fast, slow and fast" on the whole. 1 the period of rapid decomposition of the aboveground part of cotton stalk in 10 a and 20 years treatment was the first 43 days after straw returning to the field and the period of the first 43 days and 365 days after the straw was returned to the field. The period of 43193d is slow decomposing period; In the first year, the rapid decomposition period of cotton roots occurred in the period of 43177d and 19335th day, respectively, while the period of rapid decomposition of cotton root appeared in the first 43 days and 193365th days in 10a and 20a, respectively. The decomposition of cotton roots with different treatments was slow in the other time periods. After one year of decomposition, the decomposition rates of the aboveground part and root of cotton stalk reached 47% and 39%, respectively. Compared with non-continuous cropping years, continuous cropping promoted the decomposition of straw in the initial stage (16 days), but after one year, there was no significant difference in the decomposition rate of straw among different continuous cropping treatments. 2. After the cotton stalk was decomposed for a year, cellulose, hemicellulose and soluble sugar in the cotton stalk were released in large quantities, while the remaining part was released slowly. The release of cellulose, hemicellulose and soluble sugar was not affected by different continuous cropping treatments, but the decomposition of lignin was affected by 3. 3%. From the straw returning to the field to the second year before sowing (the release rate of 193 d), C was 34.82% and 39.62%), the release rate of N was 40.48% and 49.88%, and the release rate was 28.84% 34.09% and 95.4444% (97.19%). The nutrient release patterns were all direct release, and the order of release rate of cotton stalk to C ~ (2 +) N ~ (+) P and K was KNCP.. It was concluded that 60% of C was immobilized in soil after returning cotton straw to the field according to the release rule of N N P and K in cotton straw. At the same time, it also provided a lot of nitrogen and potassium for the soil, but the release of phosphorus was less, so the input of potassium and nitrogen could be reduced and the input of phosphorus fertilizer could be reduced in the process of fertilization in the field. 4. In 1 year cotton field, when the returning rate of cotton stalk reached 72.04%, the organic carbon of 0 ~ 20 cm soil layer could be balanced, and the equilibrium value was 11.84 g kg-1.. With the increase of returning years, the content and storage of organic carbon in soil increased gradually. When the returning years reached 28 years, 30 years and 39 years respectively, the organic carbon of 0 ~ 20 cm,20~40 cm and 40 ~ 60 cm soil layer could reach equilibrium, respectively. The equilibrium values of soil layers were 17.2g kg-1,15.38 g kg-1 and 12.72g kg-1.5.0~60 cm, respectively, and there was a significant positive correlation between the soil organic carbon storage and straw carbon input. But according to the increasing rate of soil organic carbon, the increase rate of soil organic carbon was the fastest within 5 years after continuous cropping of cotton and straw, but the accumulation of organic carbon in each soil layer increased slowly after 5 years, when the returning years reached 26 years, The maximum soil organic carbon storage of 0 ~ 60 cm is 112.2 t hm-2..
【學(xué)位授予單位】：石河子大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S141.4
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