【摘要】：東北黑土區(qū)是我國(guó)重要的商品糧基地,主要分布在中國(guó)松遼流域和三江平原,是世界僅有的三大黑土區(qū)之一。黑土土質(zhì)疏松,有機(jī)質(zhì)含量豐富,但是因?yàn)橐恍┳匀坏囊蛩匾约叭祟惖囊恍┎缓侠淼纳a(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng),導(dǎo)致了黑土區(qū)水土流失嚴(yán)重,特別是其所引起的土壤養(yǎng)分流失更是使黑土嚴(yán)重退化,土壤肥力下降,對(duì)黑土區(qū)的土地生產(chǎn)力、糧食生產(chǎn)和區(qū)域社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展都造成嚴(yán)重的影響。因此,為揭示黑土養(yǎng)分流失的機(jī)理以及為黑土養(yǎng)分流失的預(yù)報(bào)和控制提供理論依據(jù),本文以黑土為試驗(yàn)土壤,利用人工模擬降雨的方式,研究坡度對(duì)黑土有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮、全磷、銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮以及速效磷等養(yǎng)分流失的影響。主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)整個(gè)降雨過(guò)程中,同一坡面坡度下,隨著降雨歷時(shí)的變化,侵蝕泥沙中的全氮、全磷、有機(jī)質(zhì)等各種養(yǎng)分的濃度基本都呈現(xiàn)波動(dòng)式的下降趨勢(shì)。而隨著坡面坡度增大,侵蝕泥沙中的各種養(yǎng)分濃度反而減小。(2)在任意坡面坡度下,隨著降雨歷時(shí)的變化,侵蝕泥沙中的全氮、全磷、有機(jī)質(zhì)等各種養(yǎng)分的流失量基本都呈現(xiàn)出上升的趨勢(shì),且流失量與降雨歷時(shí)的關(guān)系可以用指數(shù)函數(shù)來(lái)表達(dá)。并且,除銨態(tài)氮和硝態(tài)氮外,侵蝕泥沙中的各種養(yǎng)分的流失量與侵蝕泥沙量都呈現(xiàn)出了不同程度的相關(guān)關(guān)系。而且侵蝕泥沙中的各種養(yǎng)分流失量隨坡面坡度的增大也在增大,即9°7°5°3°1°。當(dāng)坡面坡度上升到7°及以上時(shí),侵蝕泥沙中的各種養(yǎng)分流失量都出現(xiàn)大幅度增多。而侵蝕泥沙的機(jī)械組成與侵蝕泥沙中各種養(yǎng)分的流失量沒(méi)有特別顯著的相關(guān)關(guān)系。(3)除坡面坡度為7°外,在同一坡面坡度下,徑流中的全氮和全磷濃度隨降雨歷時(shí)沒(méi)有產(chǎn)生較大變化。而隨著坡面坡度的變化,徑流中的全氮、全磷濃度產(chǎn)生波動(dòng),在坡面坡度為5°時(shí)達(dá)到了最大值。(4)整個(gè)降雨過(guò)程中,同一坡面坡度下,徑流中全氮、全磷的流失量隨著降雨歷時(shí)的變化,都存在不同幅度的增多趨勢(shì),且二者之間的關(guān)系可以用指數(shù)函數(shù)表達(dá)。在不同的坡面坡度條件下,徑流量與徑流中全氮的流失量的相關(guān)性更高,呈顯著相關(guān),而與徑流中全磷的流失量相關(guān)性相對(duì)較小。當(dāng)坡面坡度為3°時(shí),徑流量與徑流中的全氮、全磷的流失量的變化趨勢(shì)最為一致。(5)整個(gè)降雨過(guò)程中,侵蝕泥沙中的各種養(yǎng)分流失總量表現(xiàn)為:有機(jī)質(zhì)全氮全磷速效磷銨態(tài)氮硝態(tài)氮。而徑流中的養(yǎng)分流失總量的表現(xiàn)為:全氮全磷。在坡面坡度改變的條件下,侵蝕泥沙中的各種養(yǎng)分的流失量都是呈增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì),并且當(dāng)坡面坡度由5°升到7°時(shí),侵蝕泥沙中的養(yǎng)分的流失總量出現(xiàn)了大幅度的增長(zhǎng)。在不同坡面坡度條件下,徑流中全氮的流失總量是出現(xiàn)一種波動(dòng)式的變化,全磷流失量隨坡面坡度的改變呈現(xiàn)出先上升再下降的趨勢(shì)。
[Abstract]:The Northeast Black soil region is an important commercial grain base in China, mainly distributed in the Songliao River Basin and Sanjiang Plain in China. It is one of the only three black soil regions in the world. The black soil is loose and rich in organic matter, but because of some natural factors and some unreasonable human production and management activities, the soil and water loss in the black soil area is serious. Especially, the soil nutrient loss caused by the soil nutrient loss makes the black soil seriously degenerate and the soil fertility decreases, which has a serious impact on the land productivity, grain production and regional social and economic development in the black soil area. Therefore, in order to reveal the mechanism of nutrient loss in black soil and to provide theoretical basis for prediction and control of nutrient loss in black soil, using black soil as experimental soil and artificial rainfall simulation, the slope effect on organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus of black soil was studied in this paper. Effects of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and available phosphorus on nutrient loss. The main results are as follows: (1) with the change of rainfall duration, the concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, organic matter and other nutrients in sediment show a fluctuating downward trend during the whole rainfall process under the same slope gradient. However, with the increase of slope gradient, the concentration of various nutrients in eroded sediment decreases. (2) under any slope gradient, with the change of rainfall duration, the total nitrogen and phosphorus in sediment are eroded. The loss of organic matter and other nutrients showed an upward trend, and the relationship between the loss and rainfall duration could be expressed by exponential function. Besides ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen, the loss of various nutrients in erosive sediment and the amount of eroded sediment showed different degrees of correlation. Moreover, the amount of nutrient loss in eroded sediment increases with the increase of slope gradient, that is, 9 擄7 擄5 擄3 擄1 擄. When the slope reaches 7 擄or above, the amount of nutrient loss in the eroded sediment increases significantly. However, there is no significant correlation between the mechanical composition of erosive sediment and the loss of various nutrients in the eroded sediment. (3) except for the slope of 7 擄, under the same slope, there is no significant correlation between the mechanical composition of the eroded sediment and the amount of nutrients lost in the eroded sediment. The concentration of total nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff did not change with rainfall duration. However, with the change of slope gradient, total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentration in runoff fluctuated, and reached the maximum when slope gradient was 5 擄. (4) during the whole rainfall process, the total nitrogen in runoff reached the same slope. With the change of rainfall duration, the amount of total phosphorus loss increased in different amplitude, and the relationship between the two can be expressed by exponential function. Under different slope conditions, the correlation between runoff and total nitrogen loss in runoff is more significant, but the correlation with total phosphorus loss in runoff is relatively small. When the slope is 3 擄, the change trend of runoff is the most consistent with the total nitrogen and phosphorus loss in runoff. (5) during the whole rainfall process, The total amount of nutrient loss in erosive sediment was as follows: organic total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available ammonium phosphate, nitrate nitrogen. The total amount of nutrient loss in runoff was: total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Under the condition of slope change, the loss of all kinds of nutrients in eroded sediment is increasing, and the total amount of nutrient loss in eroded sediment increases greatly when the slope is raised from 5 擄to 7 擄. Under the condition of different slope gradient, the total amount of total nitrogen loss in runoff is fluctuating, and the total phosphorus loss increases first and then decreases with the change of slope gradient.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S157

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