桃蚜在不同類型寄主上的種下分化研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-18 19:55
【摘要】：桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)是一種廣食性害蟲,寄主范圍十分廣泛。但主要為害桃、李等薔薇科,甘藍(lán)、油菜等十字花科及煙草等茄科植物。桃蚜在與寄主植物的長期協(xié)同進化中,產(chǎn)生了一系列寄主�；F(xiàn)象,進而形成寄主�；�。然而關(guān)于桃蚜寄主�；偷难芯恳恢眰涫軤幾h。本文以桃樹、甘藍(lán)和煙草上的桃蚜為研究對象,從桃蚜對寄主的選擇行為,寄主植物對桃蚜的存活率、形態(tài)分化和酶活性的影響,以及不同寄主上桃蚜在DNA水平上的分化程度等方面,探討了桃蚜在不同寄主上的種下分化,以期為桃蚜寄主專化型研究提供更多的實例證據(jù),同時也為物種多樣性研究提供一定理論基礎(chǔ)。主要研究結(jié)果如下：寄主選擇適應(yīng)性研究表明,不同寄主上的桃蚜相互轉(zhuǎn)接后,桃蚜存在選擇適應(yīng)性的差異。本試驗中,3種寄主上的桃蚜相互轉(zhuǎn)接后,煙草上的桃蚜在煙草葉上的存活率最高,且表現(xiàn)出了對煙草葉明顯的選擇性和嗜食性。甘藍(lán)上的桃蚜雖然對原寄主只表現(xiàn)出一定的選擇趨向性,但其在甘藍(lán)葉上的存活率相對較高,這也說明甘藍(lán)上的桃蚜嗜食甘藍(lán)。而桃樹上的桃蚜對原寄主沒有表現(xiàn)出明顯的嗜好性,且在桃葉上的存活率較低。形態(tài)指標(biāo)測定結(jié)果表明,桃樹、煙草和甘藍(lán)上的無翅孤雌成蚜的觸角節(jié)Ⅰ、Ⅱ長度差異不顯著;而在體長、后足腿節(jié)、觸角長和觸角末節(jié)的鞭部長方面存在顯著差異,其中以煙草上的桃蚜體長最長,桃樹上桃蚜的體長最小,而甘藍(lán)上的桃蚜觸角、后足腿節(jié)長度最長。對于其他的形態(tài)指標(biāo),3種寄主上的桃蚜雖然形態(tài)相似,但差異同樣存在。這說明3種寄主上桃蚜的形態(tài)特征在種內(nèi)存在一定的變異。酶活性測定結(jié)果表明,不同寄主上的桃蚜寄主轉(zhuǎn)接后,其體內(nèi)的消化酶、解毒酶活性隨著寄主種類的改變而發(fā)生不同的變化,說明桃蚜體具有很強的生理可塑性。從寄主植物對桃蚜消化酶的影響來看,桃樹和甘藍(lán)上的桃蚜改變寄主種類后,其體內(nèi)的變化趨勢均為激活-抑制-激活型;煙草上的桃蚜轉(zhuǎn)接到桃葉和甘藍(lán)葉其體內(nèi)的蛋白酶活性卻受到了顯著地抑制作用。從解毒酶方面來看,桃樹上的桃蚜轉(zhuǎn)接到煙草葉和甘藍(lán)葉,其體內(nèi)的羧酸酯酶活性為激活型,而乙酰膽堿酯酶活性變化趨勢為抑制-抑制-激活型；煙草上的桃蚜轉(zhuǎn)接到桃葉和甘藍(lán)葉,其體內(nèi)的羧酸酯酶活性受到了抑制作用,而乙酰膽堿酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S轉(zhuǎn)移酶卻受到了顯著地激活作用；而甘藍(lán)上的桃蚜轉(zhuǎn)接桃葉和煙草葉,其體內(nèi)的3種解毒酶活性變化各不相同�；蚍只芯拷Y(jié)果表明,3種寄主上桃蚜的COI、Cytb和12S rRNA基因片段具有較高的A+T含量,且平均含量高于C+G,這是昆蟲線粒體基因序列堿基組成的一種共性。對三種基因片段的變異率進行比較分析,桃蚜的COI基因的變異率最高,為1.9%,可用于物種鑒定;而Cytb和12S rRNA基因的變異率相對較低,分別為0.65%和0.52%,因此,不適合桃蚜的種下分化研究。另外,基于COI基因片段的遺傳距離和NJ建樹分析發(fā)現(xiàn),甘藍(lán)和煙草上的桃蚜首先成聚,遺傳距離為0.7%,然后再與桃樹上桃蚜成聚,寄主桃樹和甘藍(lán)、煙草上桃蚜的遺傳距離均為1.5%,這說明甘藍(lán)和煙草上的桃蚜親緣關(guān)系較近,而冬寄主(桃樹)與夏寄主(甘藍(lán)、煙草)上的桃蚜親緣關(guān)系較遠(yuǎn)。綜上所述,由于寄主選擇的壓力,桃蚜可能是一個正在分化的物種,不僅存在寄主上的分化,而且還存在季節(jié)性的分化。
[Abstract]:Peach and Myzus pericae (Sulzer) are a kind of omnivorous insect, and the host range is very wide. but mainly the plants of the Cruciferae and the tobacco, such as peach, plum and the like, such as Rosaceae, Brassica oleracea, and rape. In the long-term co-evolution of the host plant, the peach tree produced a series of host-specific phenomena, thus forming a host-specific type. However, the research on the host-specific type of peach is always controversial. In this paper, peach, kale and peach were used as the research object. The selection behavior of the host, the effect of host plant on the survival rate, the morphological differentiation and the enzyme activity of the peach trees, and the degree of differentiation of the nectarine on the DNA level of different hosts were studied in this paper. The differentiation of peach trees on different hosts was discussed, with a view to providing more practical evidence for the study of the host-specific type of the peach, and to provide a theoretical basis for the study of species diversity. The main results of the study are as follows: the adaptability of host selection shows that the adaptation of peach trees in different hosts is different from each other. In the experiment, the survival rate of the peach on the tobacco leaf was the highest after the peach trees on the three hosts were transferred to each other, and the obvious selectivity and the feeding habits of the tobacco leaf were shown. Although the peach trees on the cabbage show a certain tropism to the original host, the survival rate of the cabbage leaves is relatively high, which also indicates that the peach and the cabbage on the cabbage. and the peach tree on the peach tree showed no obvious preference for the original host, and the survival rate on the peach leaf was lower. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the length of the tentacles, the length of the peach, the length of the leg, the length of the antenna and the end of the antenna, and the length of the peach in the tobacco was the longest. The length of the peach on the peach tree is the smallest, and the length of the leg of the peach in the cabbage is the longest. For other morphological indexes, the morphology of the peach trees on the three hosts was similar, but the difference also existed. This indicates that the morphological characteristics of the peach trees in the three hosts have a certain variation in the species. The results of the determination of the activity of the enzyme showed that the activity of the digestive enzyme and the detoxification enzyme in the host could change with the change of the host species. The effect of the host plant on the digestive enzyme of the peach tree showed that the changes in the body of the peach and the kale were activated-inhibited-activated, and the activity of the peach on the tobacco to the leaf of the peach and the leaf of the kale was significantly inhibited. in that aspect of the detoxification enzyme, the peach tree on the peach tree is transferred to the tobacco leaf and the kale leaf, the active acid esterase activity in the peach tree is active, and the change trend of the activity of the acetylcholine esterase is the inhibition-inhibition-activation type; the peach leaf on the tobacco is transferred to the peach leaf and the kale leaf, The activity of the esterase and the glutathione S-transferase in the cabbage was inhibited, while the activity of the three detoxification enzymes in the leaves of the peach was different from that of the leaf of the peach and the leaf of the tobacco. The results of the gene differentiation show that the COI, Cytb and 12S rRNA gene fragments of the three host nectarines have a high A + T content, and the average content is higher than that of the C + G, which is a common characteristic of the sequence of the mitochondrial gene sequences of the insect. The variation rate of COI was the highest, which was 1. 9%, which could be used for species identification. The variation rate of Cytb and 12S rRNA genes was 0.65% and 0.52%, respectively. in addition, on that basis of the genetic distance of the COI gene fragment and the analysis of the NJ plant tree, the peach juice on the cabbage and the tobacco is first made into poly, the genetic distance is 0.7%, and then the genetic distance of the peach and the peach on the peach tree is 1.5%, This indicates that the relationship between the peach and the peach in the cabbage and the tobacco is close, and the peach tree in the winter host (peach) is relatively close to the peach in the summer host (cabbage, tobacco). In conclusion, due to the pressure of the host selection, the peach seed may be a species being differentiated, not only the differentiation of the host, but also the seasonal differentiation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S433.39
本文編號：2341034
[Abstract]:Peach and Myzus pericae (Sulzer) are a kind of omnivorous insect, and the host range is very wide. but mainly the plants of the Cruciferae and the tobacco, such as peach, plum and the like, such as Rosaceae, Brassica oleracea, and rape. In the long-term co-evolution of the host plant, the peach tree produced a series of host-specific phenomena, thus forming a host-specific type. However, the research on the host-specific type of peach is always controversial. In this paper, peach, kale and peach were used as the research object. The selection behavior of the host, the effect of host plant on the survival rate, the morphological differentiation and the enzyme activity of the peach trees, and the degree of differentiation of the nectarine on the DNA level of different hosts were studied in this paper. The differentiation of peach trees on different hosts was discussed, with a view to providing more practical evidence for the study of the host-specific type of the peach, and to provide a theoretical basis for the study of species diversity. The main results of the study are as follows: the adaptability of host selection shows that the adaptation of peach trees in different hosts is different from each other. In the experiment, the survival rate of the peach on the tobacco leaf was the highest after the peach trees on the three hosts were transferred to each other, and the obvious selectivity and the feeding habits of the tobacco leaf were shown. Although the peach trees on the cabbage show a certain tropism to the original host, the survival rate of the cabbage leaves is relatively high, which also indicates that the peach and the cabbage on the cabbage. and the peach tree on the peach tree showed no obvious preference for the original host, and the survival rate on the peach leaf was lower. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the length of the tentacles, the length of the peach, the length of the leg, the length of the antenna and the end of the antenna, and the length of the peach in the tobacco was the longest. The length of the peach on the peach tree is the smallest, and the length of the leg of the peach in the cabbage is the longest. For other morphological indexes, the morphology of the peach trees on the three hosts was similar, but the difference also existed. This indicates that the morphological characteristics of the peach trees in the three hosts have a certain variation in the species. The results of the determination of the activity of the enzyme showed that the activity of the digestive enzyme and the detoxification enzyme in the host could change with the change of the host species. The effect of the host plant on the digestive enzyme of the peach tree showed that the changes in the body of the peach and the kale were activated-inhibited-activated, and the activity of the peach on the tobacco to the leaf of the peach and the leaf of the kale was significantly inhibited. in that aspect of the detoxification enzyme, the peach tree on the peach tree is transferred to the tobacco leaf and the kale leaf, the active acid esterase activity in the peach tree is active, and the change trend of the activity of the acetylcholine esterase is the inhibition-inhibition-activation type; the peach leaf on the tobacco is transferred to the peach leaf and the kale leaf, The activity of the esterase and the glutathione S-transferase in the cabbage was inhibited, while the activity of the three detoxification enzymes in the leaves of the peach was different from that of the leaf of the peach and the leaf of the tobacco. The results of the gene differentiation show that the COI, Cytb and 12S rRNA gene fragments of the three host nectarines have a high A + T content, and the average content is higher than that of the C + G, which is a common characteristic of the sequence of the mitochondrial gene sequences of the insect. The variation rate of COI was the highest, which was 1. 9%, which could be used for species identification. The variation rate of Cytb and 12S rRNA genes was 0.65% and 0.52%, respectively. in addition, on that basis of the genetic distance of the COI gene fragment and the analysis of the NJ plant tree, the peach juice on the cabbage and the tobacco is first made into poly, the genetic distance is 0.7%, and then the genetic distance of the peach and the peach on the peach tree is 1.5%, This indicates that the relationship between the peach and the peach in the cabbage and the tobacco is close, and the peach tree in the winter host (peach) is relatively close to the peach in the summer host (cabbage, tobacco). In conclusion, due to the pressure of the host selection, the peach seed may be a species being differentiated, not only the differentiation of the host, but also the seasonal differentiation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S433.39
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