【摘要】：針對(duì)黃河流域連作棉田常年旋耕導(dǎo)致犁底層變厚變硬,土壤蓄水保墑能力下降,養(yǎng)分在表層富集,病害加重等問題,探討土壤耕層重構(gòu)技術(shù)在黃河流域棉區(qū)生產(chǎn)上的可行性。試驗(yàn)于2014和2015年在河北省農(nóng)林科學(xué)院棉花研究所威縣試驗(yàn)站進(jìn)行,在連作棉花20年的土壤條件下采用隨機(jī)區(qū)組試驗(yàn),設(shè)置了T1(0~15 cm與15~30 cm土壤互換)、T2(0~20 cm與20~40 cm土壤互換,同時(shí)松動(dòng)40~55 cm土壤)、T3(0~20 cm與20~40 cm土壤互換,同時(shí)松動(dòng)40~70 cm土壤)、CK(旋耕15 cm)4個(gè)處理,調(diào)查土壤理化性狀、棉花生育性狀、田間雜草與病衰指數(shù)等指標(biāo)。結(jié)果表明,在20~40 cm土層T2處理容重兩年較CK分別降低0.13 g cm 3與0.15 g cm 3;20~40 cm土層全氮、速效磷、速效鉀含量T2與T3顯著高于T1與CK;灌水(雨)后深層土壤蓄水量增加,播種后40~60 cm與60~80 cm土層蓄水量T2較CK 2014年增加3.5 mm、5.5 mm,2015年增加6.7 mm、3.4 mm,在蕾期干旱時(shí)0~20 cm與20~40 cm土層蓄水量T2較CK 2014年高6.6 mm、8.7 mm,2015年高4.2 mm、9.2 mm。耕層重構(gòu)后棉花根系量顯著增加,地上部干物質(zhì)積累表現(xiàn)出開花期前低、開花期后高的趨勢(shì);耕層重構(gòu)處理單株鈴數(shù)、單鈴重、皮棉產(chǎn)量較對(duì)照顯著提高,T2皮棉產(chǎn)量?jī)赡贻^CK分別增加6.1%、10.2%。耕層重構(gòu)對(duì)滅除田間雜草具有明顯效果,T2處理病衰指數(shù)兩年分別降低41.7與31.9個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。適宜的土壤耕層重構(gòu)方式(T2)是解決連作棉田問題、提高棉花產(chǎn)量的有效措施。
[Abstract]:In view of the problems such as perennial rotary tillage in continuous cropping cotton field in the Yellow River basin, which results in thickening and hardening of plough bottom, the decrease of soil water storage and moisture conservation capacity, the enrichment of nutrients in the surface layer and the aggravation of diseases, the feasibility of soil tillage layer reconstruction technique in cotton production of Yellow River basin is discussed. The experiment was carried out in Weixian Experimental Station of Cotton Research Institute of Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences in 2014 and 2015. Under the soil condition of 20 years of continuous cropping of cotton, a randomized block experiment was carried out, and T1 (0 ~ 15 cm and 1530 cm soil exchange) and T2 (0 ~ 20 cm and 20 ~ 40 cm soil exchange) were set up. Four treatments, T _ 3 (0 ~ (20) cm and 20 ~ (40) cm) and), CK (rotation tillage (15 cm), were used to investigate soil physical and chemical properties, cotton growth and growth, field weed and disease and senescence index. The results showed that compared with CK, the bulk density of T2 treatment decreased by 0.13 g cm ~ (3) and 0.15 g cm ~ (3) ~ 20 ~ (20) cm for two years, respectively. The contents of available phosphorus, available K and T _ 2 and T _ 3 were significantly higher than those of T _ (1) and CK; irrigation (rain), and the water storage of deep soil was increased after irrigation (rain) with T _ (1) and CK;. After sowing, the soil water storage in the soil layer of 40 ~ 60 cm and 60 ~ (80) cm after sowing is 3. 5 mm,5.5 mm, higher than that of CK 2014. 6. 7 mm,3.4 mm, 6. 6 cm and 20 ~ 40 cm during bud drought, 6. 6 mm,8.7 mm, 4. 2 mm,9.2 mm. higher in 2015 than in CK 2014. After tillage layer reconstruction, the cotton root system increased significantly, the dry matter accumulation in the aboveground part showed the trend of low before flowering period and high after flowering stage, the number of bolls per plant and boll weight per plant were treated by tillage layer reconstruction treatment. The lint yield was significantly higher than that of the control, and the yield of T2 lint cotton increased by 6.1% and 10.2%, respectively, compared with CK in two years. The tillage layer reconstruction had obvious effect on weed control in the field. The disease and senescence index of T2 treatment decreased by 41.7 percentage points and 31.9 percentage points respectively in two years. The suitable way of soil tillage layer reconstruction (T2) is an effective measure to solve the problem of continuous cropping cotton field and to increase cotton yield.
【作者單位】： 河北省農(nóng)林科學(xué)院棉花研究所/農(nóng)業(yè)部黃淮海半干旱區(qū)棉花生物學(xué)與遺傳育種重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室;
【基金】：國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2013BAD05B00)資助~~
【分類號(hào)】：S153;S562

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