【摘要】：土壤動(dòng)物是陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中重要的組成部分之一,與環(huán)境因子間存在相對(duì)穩(wěn)定、密不可分的關(guān)系,土壤動(dòng)物的密度、群落結(jié)構(gòu)和類群數(shù)等均可對(duì)環(huán)境因子做出相應(yīng)的響應(yīng)。本文研究了長(zhǎng)白山地低山土壤動(dòng)物群落的組成和結(jié)構(gòu)特征,探討了長(zhǎng)白山地低山土壤動(dòng)物對(duì)不同環(huán)境因子的響應(yīng),可為土壤動(dòng)物與環(huán)境因子相關(guān)系研究提供基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù),同時(shí)可為森林系統(tǒng)保護(hù)與恢復(fù)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。分別于2014年的春季(5月)、夏季(7月)和秋季(9月)對(duì)長(zhǎng)白山地低山地區(qū)的次生針闊葉混交林、次生落葉闊葉林、蒙古櫟林、耕地四個(gè)生境內(nèi)的土壤動(dòng)物進(jìn)行研究。具體研究?jī)?nèi)容涉及土壤動(dòng)物群落的區(qū)系組成,土壤動(dòng)物群落的結(jié)構(gòu)及其動(dòng)態(tài),著重探討了土壤動(dòng)物與土壤環(huán)境因子之間的關(guān)系。共獲得土壤動(dòng)物58類,30445只,隸屬3門6綱22目52科(亞目)。其中大型土壤動(dòng)物52類,1663只,優(yōu)勢(shì)類群共3類,即蟻科、線蚓科和正蚓科,常見類群有馬陸目、石蜈蚣科、地蜈蚣科、等11個(gè)類群。獲得中小型土壤動(dòng)物45類,共28782只,優(yōu)勢(shì)類群為甲螨亞目、輻螨亞目和節(jié)跳蟲科共3個(gè)類群。這些類群是長(zhǎng)白山地低山區(qū)土壤動(dòng)物的主體部分。不同生境之間土壤動(dòng)物的密度和類群數(shù)具有一定的差異性,且季節(jié)變化不同。不同生境內(nèi)土壤動(dòng)物垂直分布表聚性特征明顯。對(duì)各生境土壤動(dòng)物的多樣性進(jìn)行分析可知,次生落葉闊葉林生境內(nèi)土壤動(dòng)物群落多樣性指數(shù)和豐富度指數(shù)最高,而耕地生境是4各生境中最低的。通過(guò)對(duì)大型、中小型土壤動(dòng)物與13種環(huán)境因子進(jìn)行Pearson相關(guān)分析可知,大型土壤動(dòng)物對(duì)土壤溫度和土壤濕度具有正向響應(yīng),其密度、類群數(shù)與土壤溫度具有顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系,中小型土壤動(dòng)物的密度、類群數(shù)對(duì)土壤濕度具有顯著正向響應(yīng);土壤動(dòng)物對(duì)p H的響應(yīng)程度較低,對(duì)有機(jī)質(zhì)具有顯著正向響應(yīng);土壤動(dòng)物對(duì)TN、TP、TK的響應(yīng)程度高,大型土壤動(dòng)物的密度對(duì)速效養(yǎng)分N、P、K的響應(yīng)程度高,中小型土壤動(dòng)物類群數(shù)對(duì)速效養(yǎng)分N、P、K的響應(yīng)程度高,對(duì)Ca、Mg的響應(yīng)程度較低,對(duì)Mn具有很高的負(fù)向響應(yīng)。通過(guò)對(duì)4個(gè)生境環(huán)境因子進(jìn)行主成分分析,可以看出每個(gè)生境的主導(dǎo)環(huán)境因子具有差異性,不同生境土壤動(dòng)物對(duì)同一種環(huán)境因子的相應(yīng)也具有差異性。土壤動(dòng)物對(duì)TN、有機(jī)質(zhì)、TK的響應(yīng)程度很高。
[Abstract]:Soil fauna is one of the most important components of terrestrial ecosystem, which has a relatively stable and inseparable relationship with environmental factors. The density, community structure and number of groups of soil animals can respond to environmental factors accordingly. In this paper, the composition and structural characteristics of soil fauna community in low mountain area of Changbai Mountain were studied, and the response of soil fauna to different environmental factors was discussed, which can provide basic data for the study of the relationship between soil fauna and environmental factors. At the same time, it can provide scientific basis for forest system protection and restoration. In the spring (May), summer (July) and autumn (September) of 2014, the soil fauna of four fields in Changbai Mountain were studied, which were secondary coniferous broadleaved mixed forest, secondary deciduous broadleaf forest, Mongolian oak forest and cultivated land. The main contents of this paper are the floristic composition of soil fauna community, the structure and dynamics of soil fauna community, and the relationship between soil fauna and soil environmental factors. A total of 30 445 soil animals belonging to 3 phyla, 6 classes, 22 orders and 52 families (suborder) were obtained. Among them, 1 663 large soil animals belong to 52 classes and 3 dominant groups, I. e., Formicidae, Vermiidae and Orthoveridae. The common groups are horsettidae, Centipetaceae, Centipetaceae, and 11 groups. A total of 28782 small and medium-sized soil animals of 45 categories were obtained. The dominant groups were Acari, Acari and Diopodidae. These groups are the main part of soil fauna in the low mountain area of Changbai Mountain. The density and group number of soil animals were different among different habitats, and the seasonal variation was different. The characteristics of vertical distribution of soil animals in different habitats are obvious. The diversity of soil fauna in the secondary deciduous broad-leaved forest was the highest, while that of cultivated land was the lowest. Based on the Pearson correlation analysis of large, medium and small soil animals and 13 kinds of environmental factors, it was found that macrofauna had a positive response to soil temperature and soil moisture, and its density, group number and soil temperature had a significant positive correlation. The density and group number of small and medium-sized soil animals have a significant positive response to soil moisture, soil animals have a low response to pH and a significant positive response to organic matter, and soil animals have a high response to TN,TP,TK. The density of macrofauna was highly responsive to available nutrient N ~ (2 +) P ~ (2 +) K, and the number of small and medium-sized soil fauna groups was highly responsive to available nutrient N ~ (2 +) P ~ (2 +) K, the response to Ca,Mg was relatively low, and it had a very high negative response to Mn. Through the principal component analysis of the four habitat environmental factors, it can be seen that the dominant environmental factors of each habitat are different, and the soil animals of different habitats have different corresponding to the same environmental factors. Soil animals are highly responsive to TN, organic matter (TN,).
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S154.5

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