【摘要】：變量施肥技術(shù)是農(nóng)業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的必要措施,自其誕生到今,已受到廣泛認(rèn)可。經(jīng)歷了百余年的研究與發(fā)展,變量施肥技術(shù)日趨成熟。開展此項(xiàng)技術(shù)研發(fā)較早的國(guó)家,通過(guò)應(yīng)用于農(nóng)田生產(chǎn),收獲了顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益與社會(huì)效益。在我國(guó),變量施肥作業(yè)目前仍未得到普及,面對(duì)化肥不合理使用導(dǎo)致農(nóng)田生態(tài)環(huán)境的逐步惡化,科學(xué)、智能、因地制宜的施肥方式是解決問(wèn)題的根本,因此具備變量施肥功能的控制器的研究具有重要意義。變量施肥控制器分適用于固體肥與液態(tài)肥兩種,本文主要對(duì)變量施液態(tài)肥的控制器進(jìn)行了深入的研究。分析變量施肥控制器的工作原理,依據(jù)技術(shù)要求,制定了以單片機(jī)為控制核心,電磁比例調(diào)節(jié)閥為執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的控制器設(shè)計(jì)方案,圍繞方案展開深入的研究。論文首先對(duì)控制器的硬件進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì),確定系統(tǒng)組成,重點(diǎn)對(duì)控制板、通信模塊以及驅(qū)動(dòng)電路進(jìn)行研究,并將ID卡功能應(yīng)用于控制器中,自主研發(fā)并設(shè)計(jì)了ID卡及其閱讀器,利用其權(quán)限性,可以完成施肥配方和配置參數(shù)的修改,同時(shí)還可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)作業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)的管理,提高了控制器的安全性與可靠性,以及提高了與上位機(jī)的通信效率,緩解了數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)壓力。其次,對(duì)控制器的軟件進(jìn)行了精心設(shè)計(jì),利用控制板處理器的定時(shí)中斷功能控制調(diào)節(jié)閥開、關(guān)時(shí)間,為滿足與上位機(jī)的通信功能,編寫了相應(yīng)接口函數(shù),制定了固定的數(shù)據(jù)格式,同時(shí)利用PC機(jī)在VB環(huán)境下開發(fā)了模擬上位機(jī)系統(tǒng),可實(shí)現(xiàn)GPS信息與車速信息的讀取并進(jìn)行分析計(jì)算。針對(duì)電磁比例調(diào)節(jié)閥的控制算法,傳統(tǒng)PID與積分分離PID的應(yīng)用出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重超調(diào)及動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)慢的現(xiàn)象,因?yàn)槭┓氏到y(tǒng)壓力的限制,施肥出現(xiàn)明顯不穩(wěn)定情況,針對(duì)這一現(xiàn)象,特對(duì)此進(jìn)行深入分析,最終設(shè)計(jì)了具備滯回特性的積分分離PID。穩(wěn)定了輸出,縮短了調(diào)節(jié)時(shí)間,提高了控制精度。經(jīng)過(guò)綜合研究,最終研發(fā)并設(shè)計(jì)一款具備ID卡功能、可實(shí)現(xiàn)手/自動(dòng)控制的適用于三種液態(tài)肥混合控制的變量施液態(tài)肥控制器。為了驗(yàn)證設(shè)計(jì)方案的可行性和變量施液態(tài)肥控制器的工作性能,對(duì)控制器進(jìn)行了靜態(tài)測(cè)試與農(nóng)田作業(yè)試驗(yàn)。通過(guò)對(duì)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的分析,最終證實(shí)本文研制的控制器控制精度較高、抗干擾能力強(qiáng)、工作穩(wěn)定可靠、操作簡(jiǎn)單方便,滿足變量施肥的技術(shù)要求。
[Abstract]:Variable rate fertilization technology is a necessary measure to realize sustainable development of agriculture. It has been widely recognized since its birth. After more than 100 years of research and development, variable rate fertilization technology is becoming more and more mature. Variable rate fertilization is still not popular. Facing the gradual deterioration of farmland ecological environment caused by unreasonable use of chemical fertilizers, scientific, intelligent and local fertilization methods are the fundamental to solve the problem. Therefore, it is important to study the controller with variable rate fertilization function. Two kinds of fertilizers, this paper mainly studies the controller of variable rate liquid fertilizer. The working principle of variable rate fertilizer controller is analyzed. According to the technical requirements, the design scheme of controller with single chip microcomputer as the control core and electromagnetic proportional control valve as the actuator is formulated. The scheme is studied in depth. Firstly, the controller is designed. The hardware of the system is designed, and the composition of the system is determined. The control board, communication module and driving circuit are studied in detail. The ID card is applied to the controller. The ID card and its reader are designed independently. By using its authority, the fertilizer formula and configuration parameters can be modified, and the operation data can be also realized. The management improves the security and reliability of the controller, improves the communication efficiency with the host computer and eases the pressure of data storage. Secondly, the software of the controller is carefully designed, and the timing interrupt function of the control board processor is used to control the opening and closing time of the regulating valve. The interface function, fixed data format and the analog upper computer system are developed by using PC in VB environment, which can read GPS information and speed information and analyze and calculate. Because of the pressure limitation of the fertilization system, the fertilization is obviously unstable. Aiming at this phenomenon, this paper makes a thorough analysis and designs an integral separation PID with hysteresis characteristics, which stabilizes the output, shortens the adjustment time and improves the control precision. In order to verify the feasibility of the design scheme and the working performance of the variable rate liquid fertilizer controller, the static test and field operation test of the controller are carried out. Through the analysis of the test results, the controller control developed in this paper is finally confirmed. High precision, strong anti-interference ability, stable and reliable work, simple and convenient operation, meet the technical requirements of variable rate fertilization.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S224.2

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