【摘要】：土壤是地球表面的主體,由巖石經(jīng)過長期的自然侵蝕而形成一種質(zhì)地較為疏松的物質(zhì),主要由很多層厚度不同的礦物質(zhì)構(gòu)造而成。土壤中的組成元件種類繁多,所含各種化學(xué)成分的結(jié)構(gòu)、性質(zhì)和功能都十分復(fù)雜,能夠為地球表面上植物的生長和生態(tài)循環(huán)中能量的交換提供豐富的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和充足的水分。由于土壤一直不斷的遭受著例如氣候、早期形成的紋理、微生物環(huán)境和人類活動等各種物理、化學(xué)和生物等因素的影響,因此,形成了不同來源地的土壤具有不同的特異性。土壤與人類活動存在著非常緊密的聯(lián)系,在法醫(yī)科學(xué)的早期時代,就已經(jīng)被用作了追蹤的微量證據(jù)對案情進(jìn)行分析判斷。土壤之所以能成為法醫(yī)學(xué)追蹤證據(jù)的五個主要形式之一,是因為它具有的復(fù)雜而明顯的地域性特征,這些特征因為土壤地理區(qū)域位置的不同而具有不同的特性。目前,關(guān)于土壤作為法醫(yī)學(xué)追蹤微量證據(jù)的研究,國外已有了相對簡單的應(yīng)用,而在國內(nèi)卻并未發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)的研究報道。本論文是通過對山東省部分地區(qū)麥田土壤成分分析判斷出該土壤樣品來源地的一個方法探究。在秋季小麥播種之前從山東省內(nèi)87個地區(qū)麥田地中采集土壤樣品,對其物理、化學(xué)、生物三個方面進(jìn)行研究分析,得出相應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù),逐級進(jìn)行分類,最終達(dá)到鑒別出土壤樣品來源地的目的。在此研究系統(tǒng)中隨機(jī)抽取樣品(盲選),對其進(jìn)行物理、化學(xué)和生物等方面進(jìn)行分析鑒別,依據(jù)探究實驗所得到的數(shù)據(jù)作為比對標(biāo)準(zhǔn),逐級對盲選樣品進(jìn)行分析判斷,檢驗是否能準(zhǔn)確確認(rèn)出該土壤樣品的來源地。如果多次判斷準(zhǔn)確率較高,說明該探究方法可行�？蓪⒋搜芯糠椒ê退悸吠茝V應(yīng)用于更為細(xì)致的條件下的土壤的分析與鑒別。例如山東省內(nèi)各地不同季節(jié)麥田土壤的、不同地形和更多類型的土壤成分分析,從而為建立涵蓋山東省絕大部分地區(qū)的土壤數(shù)據(jù)庫提供了可靠的方法基礎(chǔ)和依據(jù)。本論文主要涉及的實驗方法有:(1)利用表觀法分析土壤樣品屬性,主要是針對土壤樣品的顏色和質(zhì)地的研究分類,可將研究系統(tǒng)中87個土壤樣品根據(jù)顏色分為:紅色:19個,黃色:31個,黑色37個。根據(jù)土壤質(zhì)地對每種顏色樣品分類:①紅色砂土10個,②紅色壤土6個,③紅色黏土3個;④黃色砂土17個,⑤黃色壤土12個,⑥黃色黏土2個;⑦黑色砂土12個,⑧黑色壤土19個,⑨黑色黏土6個。(2)對表觀分類后的9種類別樣品,利用掃描電子顯微觀察分別記錄其掃描圖像,計算顆粒平菌面積大小,發(fā)現(xiàn)樣品顆粒面積普遍在100~700μm2,因此制定A、B、C、D、E、F六個分類級別,繼續(xù)分類。(3)利用能譜法對土壤樣品中化學(xué)元素進(jìn)行定量分析,主要檢測的化學(xué)元素為Na、Mg、Al、Fe等,根據(jù)樣品中元素含量特點(diǎn)對其做出分析鑒別。(4)利用紅外光譜法對土壤樣品中化合物進(jìn)行定性分析,主要是通過的紅外峰譜圖的位置讀取樣品中特殊的化學(xué)官能團(tuán)的,確定其相應(yīng)的化學(xué)性質(zhì)。(5)利用T-RFLP法分析土壤樣品中生存的微生物的群落結(jié)構(gòu)、性質(zhì)和功能的差異性,進(jìn)一步確定不同來源地的土壤樣品的特性,從而達(dá)到鑒別土壤樣品的目的。來源地不同的土壤樣品在組分種類及各組分的含量和質(zhì)量等方面都存在一定的差異性,當(dāng)受害人或犯罪分子身上在犯罪現(xiàn)場上附帶了很少量的土壤,結(jié)合本實驗所探究的方法進(jìn)行分析鑒定土壤穩(wěn)定的差異性,作為追蹤學(xué)微量物證將被害人或犯罪嫌疑人和犯罪現(xiàn)場聯(lián)系到一起,以此證明其相關(guān)的犯罪活動。
[Abstract]:Soil is the main body of the earth's surface, which is formed by long-term natural erosion of rocks. It is mainly composed of many layers of minerals with different thickness. The exchange of energy in growth and ecological cycles provides abundant nutrients and water. Soils from different sources have different characteristics because they are constantly affected by physical, chemical and biological factors such as climate, early texture, microbial environment and human activities. Heterosexuality. Soil is closely related to human activities and has been used in the early years of forensic science as trace micro-evidence to analyze and judge the case. Soil has become one of the five main forms of forensic tracking evidence because of its complex and obvious regional characteristics. At present, the study of soil as trace evidence of forensic medicine has been relatively simple abroad, but no relevant research report has been found in China. This paper judges the soil by analyzing the soil composition of wheat fields in some areas of Shandong Province. Soil samples were collected from 87 wheat fields in Shandong Province before sowing in autumn. The physical, chemical and biological aspects of soil samples were studied and analyzed. The corresponding data were obtained and classified step by step. Finally, the source of soil samples was identified. Samples (blind selection), physical, chemical and biological analysis and identification, according to the data obtained from the exploratory experiment as a comparison standard, step by step to analyze the blind samples to determine whether the source of the soil samples can be accurately identified. This research method and idea can be applied to soil analysis and identification under more detailed conditions, such as wheat field soil composition analysis in different seasons, different topography and more types of soil composition in Shandong Province, thus providing a reliable method basis and method for establishing soil database covering the vast majority of Shandong Province. The main experimental methods involved in this paper are as follows: (1) Apparent method is used to analyze the properties of soil samples, mainly aiming at the color and texture of soil samples. 87 soil samples in the research system can be divided into: red: 19, yellow: 31, black 37. According to the soil texture classification of each color sample: 1. There are 10 colored sandy soils, 6 red loam soils, 3 red clay soils, 17 yellow sandy soils, 12 yellow loam soils, 2 yellow clay soils, 12 black sandy soils, 19 black loam soils and 6 black clay. The size of the sample was found to be in the range of 100-700 micron 2. Therefore, six classifications of A, B, C, D, E and F were worked out and continued to classify. (3) The chemical elements in soil samples were quantitatively analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy. The main chemical elements were Na, Mg, Al, Fe and so on. According to the characteristics of element content in the samples, the samples were analyzed and identified. Qualitative analysis of compounds in soil samples was carried out by means of infrared spectrogram. The chemical properties of the compounds were determined by the location of the special chemical groups in the samples. (5) The community structure, properties and functions of the microorganisms in soil samples were analyzed by T-RFLP, and the different sources were further determined. Soil samples from different sources have certain differences in the types of components and the content and quality of each component. When the victim or the criminal is accompanied by a small amount of soil on the crime scene, the method explored in this experiment is used to separate the soil samples. Analyzing and identifying the differences of soil stability as trace trace evidence will link the victim or suspect with the scene of the crime to prove the related criminal activities.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：濟(jì)南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S151.9

【共引文獻(xiàn)】

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本文編號：2203797