發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-25 18:35

【摘要】：本文以山西省中陽縣洪水溝流域壩地為研究對(duì)象,系統(tǒng)分析了洪水溝流域壩地土壤理化性狀,建立了壩地土壤肥力評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系,對(duì)洪水溝流域壩地進(jìn)行了肥力綜合評(píng)價(jià)；在壩地肥力評(píng)價(jià)的基礎(chǔ)上,提出優(yōu)化施肥方案,進(jìn)行了壩地玉米增產(chǎn)效應(yīng)試驗(yàn)。其主要結(jié)論如下：1.洪水溝流域壩地土壤顆粒的分形維數(shù)分布在2.7602-2.8502之間,在水平方向上無明顯變化規(guī)律；壩地土壤的pH值為7.58-8.52,平均值為8.09為弱堿性；壩地CEC介于7.73cmol/kg-14.49cmol/kg之間,平均值為10.92 cmol/kg,屬較低水平；2.壩地有機(jī)質(zhì)含量介于1.85g/kg-6.65g/kg之間,平均值為4.34g/kg；壩地土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量屬于極低水平；3.壩地土壤全氮含量為0.26g/kg-0.79 g/kg,平均值為0.49g/kg.土壤堿解氮含量變化范圍在5.84mg/kg-34.54mg/kg之間,平均值為20.46 mg/kg,均屬極低水平。4.壩地土壤全磷含量為0.37g/kg-0.65g/kg,平均值為0.53g/kg,屬于較低水平；土壤速效磷含量為3.34mg/kg-11.63mg/kg,平均值為6.76 mg/kg,屬于低水平；5.壩地土壤全鉀的含量為16.66g/kg-25.40g/kg,平均值為21.51g/kg；土壤緩效鉀含量變化：724.34mg/kg-1112.47mg/kg,平均值為918.44mg/kg,均屬較高水平；土壤速效鉀含量變化：93.74mg/kg-176.38mg/kg,平均值為130.79 mg/kg,屬較低水平；6.洪水溝流域各壩地土壤肥力綜合指數(shù)(IFI)為0.385-0.533,11號(hào)壩地屬低水平,其余壩地均屬于中等水平。7.優(yōu)化施肥可以促進(jìn)壩地玉米生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。優(yōu)化施肥玉米株高、莖粗均大于傳統(tǒng)施肥。C1與Y1處理在苗期、抽穗期株高差異顯著,C2與Y2在拔節(jié)期、抽穗期株高差異顯著；C1與Y1處理抽穗期莖粗差異顯著,C2與Y2在苗期、拔節(jié)期莖粗差異顯著。8.優(yōu)化施肥可以促進(jìn)土壤養(yǎng)分轉(zhuǎn)化。優(yōu)化施肥處理的土壤堿解氮、速效磷、速效鉀含量均大于傳統(tǒng)施肥。土壤堿解氮、速效磷含量玉米各生育期處理間差異不顯著；C1與Y1處理土壤速效鉀含量在臘熟期差異顯著,C2與Y2處理在苗期、拔節(jié)期、抽穗期差異顯著。9.優(yōu)化施肥可提高土壤酶活性。優(yōu)化施肥土壤蔗糖酶、過氧化氫酶、脲酶活性均大于傳統(tǒng)施肥。土壤蔗糖酶活性在各生育期差異顯著；過氧化氫酶活性在苗期差異顯著,拔節(jié)期C1與Y1處理差異顯著；脲酶活性,苗期C1與Y1處理差異顯著,在拔節(jié)期、抽穗期C2與Y2處理差異顯著；10.優(yōu)化施肥對(duì)壩地玉米的穗長(zhǎng)、穗粗、穗粒重、百粒重及玉米產(chǎn)量都有所提高；但差異均不顯著。11.優(yōu)化施肥處理取得的玉米經(jīng)濟(jì)效益高。Y1與Y2處理分別比C1與C2處理的凈收入增加了77元/畝、338元/畝。
[Abstract]:In this paper, the soil physical and chemical properties of the dam land in the floodway basin of Zhongyang County, Shanxi Province are analyzed systematically, the evaluation index system of soil fertility of the dam land is established, and the comprehensive evaluation of the fertility of the dam land in the flood ditch basin is carried out. On the basis of the evaluation of fertility in the dam area, an optimized fertilization scheme was put forward, and the effect of maize yield on the dam was tested. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. The fractal dimension of soil particles in Hongshuigou basin is between 2.7602-2.8502, and there is no obvious change in horizontal direction, the pH value of dam soil is 7.58-8.52, the average value is 8.09, the CEC of dam area is between 7.73cmol/kg-14.49cmol/kg and the average value is 10.92 cmol/kg,. 2. The content of organic matter in dam soil is between 1.85g/kg-6.65g/kg and 4.34g / kg, and the content of soil organic matter is very low. The soil total nitrogen content of dam soil was 0.26g/kg-0.79 g / kg, the average value was 0.49 g 路kg ~ (-1) 路kg ~ (-1). The range of soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content was between 5.84mg/kg-34.54mg/kg and the average value was 20.46 mg/kg,. The total phosphorus content of the soil was 0.37g / kg -0.65g / kg, the average value was 0.53g / kg, which was lower, and the soil available phosphorus content was 3.34mg / kg -11.63mg / kg, the average value was 6.76 mg/kg,. The content of soil total potassium was 16.66 g / kg ~ 25.40 g 路kg ~ (-1) with an average value of 21.51 g / kg, and the change of soil slowly available potassium content was 724.34 mg 路kg ~ (-1) 路kg ~ (-1), the average value was 918.44 mg 路kg ~ (-1), and the change of soil available potassium content was: 93.74 mg / kg ~ (-1) mg 路kg ~ (-1) ~ 176.38 mg 路kg ~ (-1), the average value was 130.79 mg/kg,. The soil fertility comprehensive index (IFI) of each dam area in Hongshuigou watershed is 0.385-0.533. The dam area No. 11 belongs to low level, and the other dam fields belong to medium level .7. Optimum fertilization can promote the growth and development of maize in dam area. The plant height of maize treated with optimized fertilization was higher than that of conventional fertilization. The difference of plant height at heading stage was significant between C2 and Y2 at jointing stage, and the difference of plant height at heading stage was significant between C1 and Y1 treatments (C _ 2 and Y _ 2 at seedling stage), and the difference between C _ 2 and Y _ 2 at heading stage was significant. The difference of stem diameter in jointing stage was significant. Optimal fertilization can promote the transformation of soil nutrients. The soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the optimized fertilization treatment were higher than those in the traditional fertilization. There was no significant difference in soil available potassium content between C _ 1 and Y _ 1 treatments in different growth stages of maize. There were significant differences between C _ 2 and Y _ 2 treatments in seedling stage, jointing stage, heading stage, and so on. The difference of soil available potassium content between C _ 1 and Y _ 1 treatments was significant at seedling stage, jointing stage and heading stage. Optimum fertilization can improve soil enzyme activity. The activities of sucrase, catalase and urease in optimized fertilization were higher than those in traditional fertilization. There were significant differences in soil sucrase activity in different growth stages, catalase activity in seedling stage, C1 and Y1 treatment in jointing stage, urease activity in seedling stage, and in jointing stage. There was significant difference between C2 and Y2 treatments at heading stage. The ear length, ear diameter, ear grain weight, 100 kernel weight and maize yield were increased by optimized fertilization, but the difference was not significant. Compared with C1 and C2 treatments, the net income of optimized fertilization treatments increased by 77 yuan / mu and 338 yuan / mu respectively.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S158;S513

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