【摘要】：喀斯特地區(qū)的石漠化是制約該區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和人民生活水平的一大障礙,其土壤肥力狀況是石漠化治理的重要依據(jù)。流域作為一個(gè)相對(duì)完整的匯水單元,基本涵蓋大部分地形條件和水文過(guò)程。以流域?yàn)槌叨妊芯客寥鲤B(yǎng)分的空間變異規(guī)律能夠客觀的揭示地形、水文、土地利用方式等因素對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分空間變異的綜合驅(qū)動(dòng)作用。白水河小流域?qū)俚湫偷目λ固胤鍏补鹊氐孛?地形破碎,地貌復(fù)雜,土壤空間分布復(fù)雜,表現(xiàn)出高度的空間異質(zhì)性,土地利用方式的改變伴隨著生態(tài)因子的變化,土壤養(yǎng)分隨之變化。本研究以地形、土地利用方式和植被類型為依據(jù),分層采集了0-5 cm、5-10 cm、10-20 cm土層的土壤樣品,并測(cè)定了土壤有機(jī)碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全鉀(TK)、有效氮(AN)、有效鉀(AK)的含量,利用地統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)與GIS技術(shù)相結(jié)合的方法,分析了土壤養(yǎng)分水平方向上的空間變異規(guī)律和垂直方向上的變化,探討了成土母質(zhì)、地形及土地利用方式對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分空間變異的影響,應(yīng)用相關(guān)性分析和主成分分析對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分進(jìn)行綜合分析,繪制了土壤肥力的空間分布圖,并分析了不同土地利用方式下土壤的肥力狀況。得到以下主要研究成果:(1)研究區(qū)土壤養(yǎng)分的變異性在46.95%~82.50%之間,均為中等程度的變異,其中,全磷的變異性最大,有效氮最小,有機(jī)碳和全氮的變異性相差不大,且全氮的變異性大于有效氮,全鉀的變異性大于有效鉀。有機(jī)碳、全磷和有效鉀總體表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的空間自相關(guān)性,主要受自然因素的影響。全氮和有效氮一樣,隨土層的加深空間自相關(guān)性減弱,在0-5cm土層有很強(qiáng)的空間自相關(guān)性,5-10 cm土層的空間自相關(guān)性為中等,10-20 cm土層的空間自相關(guān)性很弱,隨土層的加深,人為因素的影響增加。土壤全鉀的空間自相關(guān)性很弱,有朝著均一化方向發(fā)展的趨勢(shì),主要受人為因素影響。土壤養(yǎng)分的變程在169~3996 m之間,空間自相關(guān)范圍較大,空間自相關(guān)范圍整體表現(xiàn)為全鉀最大,有機(jī)碳和全氮次之,全磷、有效氮和有效鉀最小。以上結(jié)果表明白水河小流域土壤的養(yǎng)分具有較高的變異性。(2)研究區(qū)內(nèi)土壤有機(jī)碳的含量較高,高值區(qū)主要在流域的東北部,且分布的面積較大,南部的含量較低;土壤全磷的含量較低,呈零星斑塊狀分布,高值區(qū)與低值區(qū)交錯(cuò)分布,高值區(qū)主要集中在北部和中下部,低值區(qū)以南部為主;全氮含量為中等水平,有效氮含量很豐富,全氮和有效氮在0-5 cm土層和5-10 cm土層的分布較為相似,以北部和中下部含量較高,西部和南部含量較低,在10-20 cm土層中,全氮含量以北部最高,高值區(qū)分布的面積較大,有效氮以中部最低,向東北和西南方向逐漸遞增;全鉀含量處于極低水平,含量以流域中間最低,且貫穿南北,由中間向西部和東部擴(kuò)散,含量逐漸增加。有效鉀含量為中等水平,總體由北往南為高-低-高-低的分布趨勢(shì)。白水河小流域土壤養(yǎng)分的空間異質(zhì)性較強(qiáng)與其境內(nèi)多樣土地利用方式和復(fù)雜的地形地貌有關(guān)。(3)白云巖發(fā)育的土壤有機(jī)碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮和有效鉀的含量最高,除有效鉀外,其他養(yǎng)分指標(biāo)在石灰?guī)r發(fā)育的土壤中含量次之,砂頁(yè)巖的含量最低,而有效鉀則是砂頁(yè)巖含量次之,石灰?guī)r含量最低;全鉀在石灰?guī)r下的含量最高,在砂頁(yè)巖下最低。石灰?guī)r發(fā)育的土壤養(yǎng)分指標(biāo)除全鉀外均隨土層的加深而減小,砂頁(yè)巖發(fā)育的土壤除全磷外均隨土層的加深而減小,白云巖發(fā)育的土壤各養(yǎng)分指標(biāo)隨土層的變化規(guī)律不明顯。坡度對(duì)各層土壤有機(jī)碳都有極顯著的影響,對(duì)全氮和有效氮有顯著影響,對(duì)全磷的影響較小,對(duì)全鉀和有效鉀的影響最小,且與全鉀整體為負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。有機(jī)碳、全氮和有效氮整體隨坡度的增加而增大,全磷、全鉀和有效鉀整體隨坡度的變化不明顯。有機(jī)碳、全氮、有效氮在疏林地、灌木林地和天然草地下的含量較高,在耕地下的含量較低;全磷在天然草地下的含量較高,在馬尾松林地下的含量較低;全鉀和有效鉀在耕地和櫻桃林地的含量較高,在天然草地下的含量較低,全鉀在疏林地下含量最低,而有效鉀在馬尾松林地下的含量最低。(4)有機(jī)碳、全氮、有效氮和全磷之間相互呈極顯著或顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系。有效鉀與其他土壤養(yǎng)分的相關(guān)性較小,全鉀與其他土壤養(yǎng)分的相關(guān)性最小。流域內(nèi)土壤肥力較高的區(qū)域主要在東北部,由北往南呈高-低-高-低的分布趨勢(shì),地勢(shì)較低的區(qū)域肥力較低,地勢(shì)較高的區(qū)域肥力較高。不同土地利用方式下土壤肥力大小表現(xiàn)為:疏林地灌木林地櫻桃林地耕地撂荒地天然草地馬尾松林地。雖然馬尾松作為喀斯特地區(qū)主要的人工造林樹(shù)種,但其保持土壤養(yǎng)分的能力并不高。
[Abstract]:Rocky desertification in karst area is a major obstacle to economic development and people's living standard, and its soil fertility status is an important basis for controlling rocky desertification. Baishuihe small watershed is a typical karst peak-cluster-valley landform with fragmented topography, complex topography, complex soil spatial distribution, showing a high degree of spatial heterogeneity, land use changes accompanied by ecological factors. Based on topography, land use patterns and vegetation types, soil samples in 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm layers were collected, and soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), available nitrogen (AN), and available potassium (AK) were determined by geostatistics and GIS. The spatial variability of soil nutrients in horizontal and vertical directions was analyzed, and the effects of parent materials, topography and land use patterns on the spatial variability of soil nutrients were discussed. The main results were as follows: (1) The variability of soil nutrients in the study area ranged from 46.95% to 82.50%, with moderate variability. Among them, the variability of total phosphorus was the greatest, available nitrogen was the smallest, the variability of organic carbon and total nitrogen was little, and the variability of total nitrogen was greater than that of total phosphorus. Organic carbon, total phosphorus and available potassium showed strong spatial autocorrelation, which was mainly affected by natural factors. Total nitrogen, like available nitrogen, had strong spatial autocorrelation in 0-5 cm soil layer, and the spatial autocorrelation in 5-10 cm soil layer was medium. The spatial autocorrelation of soil total potassium is very weak, and the spatial autocorrelation of soil total potassium is very weak, which is mainly influenced by human factors. The results showed that the soil nutrients in Baishuihe watershed had high variability. (2) The content of soil organic carbon in the study area was high, the high value area was mainly in the northeast of the watershed, and the distribution area was large, and the content of soil total was low in the south. The content of phosphorus is low and sporadic patchy, and the distribution of high and low value areas is interlaced. The high value areas are mainly concentrated in the north and the middle and lower parts, while the low value areas are mainly in the south. The total nitrogen content is middle level, and the available nitrogen content is very rich. In the 10-20 cm soil layer, the total nitrogen content is the highest in the north, the area of high value area is larger, the available nitrogen is the lowest in the middle, and increases gradually to the northeast and southwest; the total potassium content is at the very low level, and the content is the lowest in the middle of the basin, and runs through the north and south, and diffuses gradually from the middle to the West and east. The spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients in Baishuihe small watershed is related to the various land use patterns and complex topography in the region. (3) Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen and available potassium content in dolomite development is the highest. Except available potassium, other nutrient indices in limestone-developed soils were the second, the lowest in sandy shale, the second in sandy shale and the lowest in limestone, the highest in total potassium under limestone and the lowest in sandy shale. Small, except total phosphorus, the soil developed by sand and shale all decreased with the deepening of soil layer, and the change rule of soil nutrient index with soil layer was not obvious. Organic carbon, total nitrogen and available nitrogen increased with the increase of slope, while total phosphorus, total potassium and available potassium did not change significantly with the increase of slope. The contents of total potassium and available potassium were higher in cultivated land and cherry forest, lower in natural grassland, lowest in sparse forest, and lowest in available potassium in Masson Pine forest. (4) The contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and total phosphorus were significantly or significantly positive each other. The correlation between available potassium and other soil nutrients was small, and the correlation between total potassium and other soil nutrients was the smallest. Soil fertility is shown as follows: loose woodland shrub woodland cherry woodland cultivated land abandoned land natural grassland masson pine woodland.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：貴州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S158

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