蚯蚓堆肥性質(zhì)的變化及其對土壤性質(zhì)與作物生長的影響
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-17 08:28
【摘要】：農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的積累和不當(dāng)利用造成的資源浪費(fèi)和環(huán)境問題正逐步被社會所關(guān)注。將農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物進(jìn)行堆肥化處理進(jìn)而還田利用是當(dāng)前廢棄物有效處置的主要手段。但是傳統(tǒng)堆肥在養(yǎng)分、有益菌群、堆制時間、外觀和運(yùn)輸?shù)确矫娴膯栴}限制了其廣泛推廣。利用取食有機(jī)碎屑的蚯蚓進(jìn)行廢棄物的再循環(huán)利用過程被稱為"蚯蚓堆制過程",其堆肥終產(chǎn)物即為"蚯蚓堆肥"。相比傳統(tǒng)堆肥,蚯蚓堆肥在改善土壤質(zhì)量、提高農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的方面的優(yōu)勢也更加受到重視。通過比較典型農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物(牛糞、豬糞和食用菌殘?jiān)?在蚯蚓堆制過程中物料的生物和非生物性質(zhì)的動態(tài)變化,并基于蚯蚓堆肥的重金屬形態(tài)和病原生物進(jìn)行環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)。在了解蚯蚓堆肥過程的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步探討了蚯蚓堆肥還田對土壤理化和生物學(xué)性質(zhì)及作物產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的影響,以期系統(tǒng)評價(jià)堆肥對土壤和作物的綜合影響。此外,在田間條件下進(jìn)行了蚯蚓堆肥與根際促生菌協(xié)同效應(yīng)的研究,以期發(fā)揮蚯蚓堆肥的資源豐富與根際促生菌的促生優(yōu)勢,探討蚯蚓堆肥與根際促生菌的協(xié)同積極效應(yīng)。具體研究結(jié)果如下:1、基于蚯蚓堆制試驗(yàn),從化學(xué)性質(zhì)分析,蚯蚓可以強(qiáng)化堆肥的礦化和腐殖化過程,強(qiáng)化有機(jī)質(zhì)的分解作用,降低有機(jī)碳,提高全氮、全磷和全鉀的含量,從而降低C/N比;蚯蚓對可溶性有機(jī)物(DOC和DON)的影響分為兩個階段,堆肥初期能夠促進(jìn)小分子有機(jī)化合物的產(chǎn)生,提高其含量,隨著堆肥過程的進(jìn)行,可溶性有機(jī)物不斷被微生物利用,礦化作用產(chǎn)生可供植物直接吸收的無機(jī)養(yǎng)分,DOC和DON含量逐漸降低,DOC/DON比也隨之降低。2、基于蚯蚓堆制試驗(yàn),從生物學(xué)性質(zhì)分析,蚯蚓對微生物的作用也可為兩個階段,初期蚯蚓活動可以促進(jìn)微生物生長,微生物生物量碳氮含量(MBC,MBN)和基礎(chǔ)呼吸強(qiáng)度(BR)升高。隨著堆制過程進(jìn)行,由于微生物的可利用資源枯竭,BR下降,但由于蚯蚓劃分泌的粘液及排泄物等的存在可以在一定時期內(nèi)仍然維持微生物生物量在一個相對穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)。而蚯蚓對真菌生物量的影響與之相反,在堆肥前期有一定的抑制作用,但到后期反而能夠促進(jìn)真菌的增長。整個堆肥過程中,蚯蚓是始終抑制線蟲數(shù)量的增長,尤其能抑制食真菌線蟲在堆肥后期的爆發(fā)。3、分析蚯蚓堆肥中重金屬形態(tài)與病原生物發(fā)現(xiàn),在蚯蚓堆肥系統(tǒng)中,蚯蚓活動可以強(qiáng)化有機(jī)質(zhì)的降解,這對重金屬有一定的生物放大作用,導(dǎo)致重金屬的濃度顯著升高。但是,腐殖化過程中腐殖酸組分尤其是胡敏酸組分含量也顯著升高,相應(yīng)的,其對有效態(tài)重金屬就會產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的絡(luò)合作用,加上蚯蚓體對重金屬的富集作用,導(dǎo)致重金屬的有效態(tài)組分在總量中所占的比例是顯著降低的。蚯蚓活動對病原生物有一定的抑制作用,堆肥中糞大腸菌群數(shù)和蛔蟲卵死亡率均達(dá)到國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。4、基于蚯蚓堆肥還田野外試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),較之常規(guī)堆肥,蚯蚓堆肥能夠獲得更高的蔬菜產(chǎn)量,更佳的品質(zhì)(提高磷素、維生素C、蛋白和葡萄糖含量);提高土壤速效養(yǎng)分含量,改善土壤生物學(xué)性質(zhì)則主要體現(xiàn)在土壤微生物生物量,對土壤的基礎(chǔ)呼吸強(qiáng)度影響不大。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),施肥后,短期內(nèi)土壤微生物的代謝功能在蚯蚓堆肥與常規(guī)堆肥之間的差異不大,反而堆肥物料的種類對其影響更加明顯。分析土壤細(xì)菌和真菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)現(xiàn),短期內(nèi),施肥對土壤細(xì)菌群落的影響較大,尤其是在第二季番茄中,蚯蚓堆肥與常規(guī)堆肥間已經(jīng)可以被主成分分開;但對真菌群落的影響相對較弱,整體區(qū)分度不高,僅在第二季中將四個施肥處理與不施肥對照區(qū)分開。5、基于蚯蚓堆肥與根際促生菌(PGPR)的交互試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),不施蚯蚓堆肥的情況下,PGPR對土壤和作物生長幾乎沒有任何作用,這暗示了外接PGPR沒有能夠在土壤中定殖成功。蚯蚓堆肥與PGPR混施的情況下,蚯蚓堆肥能夠強(qiáng)化PGPR對土壤養(yǎng)分(NO3--N,速效磷和速效鉀)蔬菜產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)(維生素C和可溶性蛋白)的促進(jìn)作用。MBC和MBN的增加,DOC和DON的降低以及MBC/MBN的下降,則暗示在蚯蚓堆肥的作用下,PGPR可以在土壤中定殖成功并發(fā)揮相應(yīng)促生功能。此外,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),蚯蚓堆肥與PGPR的協(xié)同作用,依賴于蔬菜品種以及蚯蚓堆肥的施用量。比如,在施用高量和低量蚯蚓堆肥時,PGPR都可以促進(jìn)番茄的產(chǎn)量,但是只有在施用低量蚯蚓堆肥時,PGPR對菠菜產(chǎn)量才有顯著的積極效果。綜上所述,從堆肥的非生物與生物學(xué)性質(zhì)上比較,蚯蚓堆肥明顯優(yōu)于常規(guī)堆肥產(chǎn)物,并且蚯蚓堆肥中的重金屬和病原生物符合國家的安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而堆肥直接或結(jié)合根際促生菌還田對土壤和作物均有積極的促進(jìn)效應(yīng)。因此,本研究結(jié)果不僅有助于提高農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的循環(huán)利用、改善土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能,而且有助于今后利用豐富的土壤動物資源進(jìn)行有機(jī)廢棄物的高效利用。
[Abstract]:The waste of resources and environmental problems caused by the accumulation and improper utilization of agricultural wastes are gradually concerned by the society. The composting of agricultural wastes and their return to the fields are the main means of effective waste disposal. Earthworm composting is called "Earthworm composting process" and its final product is "Earthworm composting". Comparing with traditional composting, the advantages of Earthworm composting in improving soil quality, increasing yield and quality of agricultural products are also paid more attention. The dynamic changes of biological and abiotic properties of type I agricultural wastes (cow dung, pig dung and edible fungus residue) during earthworm composting were studied. The environmental risk assessment was carried out based on the heavy metal forms and pathogenic organisms of earthworm composting. In addition, the synergistic effect of earthworm compost and Rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria was studied under field conditions in order to give full play to the rich resources of earthworm compost and the growth-promoting advantages of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria, and to explore the synergistic effects of earthworm compost and Rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. The specific results are as follows: 1. Based on the earthworm composting test, the earthworm can strengthen the mineralization and humification process of compost, strengthen the decomposition of organic matter, reduce the organic carbon, increase the content of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium, thereby reducing the C/N ratio; the effect of Earthworm on soluble organic matter (DOC and DON) It can be divided into two stages. The initial stage of composting can promote the production of small molecular organic compounds and increase their content. As the composting process proceeds, soluble organic compounds are continuously utilized by microorganisms. Mineralization produces inorganic nutrients that can be directly absorbed by plants. The contents of DOC and DON gradually decrease, and the DOC/DON ratio also decreases. 2. The results showed that the effect of earthworms on microorganisms could also be divided into two stages according to the analysis of biological properties. Earthworm activity in the early stage could promote microorganism growth, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content (MBC, MBN) and basal respiration intensity (BR) increased. The presence of liquid and excreta can maintain the microbial biomass in a relatively stable state for a certain period of time. On the contrary, earthworms can inhibit the biomass of fungi in the early stage of composting, but can promote the growth of fungi in the later stage. During the whole composting process, earthworms always inhibit the number of nematodes. The increase of the quantity, especially the outbreak of fungi-eating nematodes in the late stage of composting. 3. Analysis of heavy metal forms and pathogenic organisms in earthworm composting showed that earthworm activity could enhance the degradation of organic matter in the earthworm composting system, which had a certain biological amplification effect on heavy metals, leading to a significant increase in the concentration of heavy metals. The contents of humic acid components, especially humic acid components, were also significantly increased. Accordingly, the active heavy metals were strongly complexed by humic acid components, and the accumulation of heavy metals by earthworms led to a significant decrease in the proportion of the active components of heavy metals in the total amount. The number of fecal coliform bacteria and the mortality of Ascaris eggs in compost reached the national standard. 4. Field experiments based on earthworm compost showed that earthworm compost could obtain higher vegetable yield and better quality (increase the content of phosphorus, vitamin C, protein and glucose), increase the content of soil available nutrients and improve the soil quality. Biological properties are mainly reflected in soil microbial biomass, which has little effect on soil basal respiration. It is found that the metabolic function of soil microorganisms is not different between earthworm compost and conventional compost in the short term after fertilization, but the effect of compost materials on soil bacteria and fungi is more obvious. Fall structure showed that fertilization had a greater impact on soil bacterial community in the short term, especially in tomatoes grown in the second season. Earthworm compost and conventional compost could be separated by principal components; however, the impact on fungal community was relatively weak and the overall differentiation was not high. Only in the second season, four fertilization treatments were separated from non-fertilization control. Interaction between earthworm compost and Rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) showed that without earthworm compost, PGPR had little effect on Soil and crop growth, suggesting that external PGPR could not colonize successfully in soil. The increase of MBC and MBN, the decrease of DOC and DON, and the decrease of MBC/MBN suggest that PGPR can colonize successfully in soil under the action of earthworm compost and play a corresponding role in promoting growth. For example, both high and low doses of PGPR could promote tomato yield, but only when low doses of PGPR were applied, the positive effect of PGPR on spinach yield was significant. In summary, earthworm composting was more significant in terms of abiotic and biological properties. It is superior to conventional composting products, and the heavy metals and pathogenic organisms in earthworm compost meet the national safety standards, while the return of compost directly or in combination with Rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria to soil and crops has a positive effect. Therefore, the results of this study not only help to improve the recycling of agricultural waste, but also improve the service function of soil ecosystem. It will also help to make use of abundant soil animal resources for efficient utilization of organic wastes in the future.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S141.4
[Abstract]:The waste of resources and environmental problems caused by the accumulation and improper utilization of agricultural wastes are gradually concerned by the society. The composting of agricultural wastes and their return to the fields are the main means of effective waste disposal. Earthworm composting is called "Earthworm composting process" and its final product is "Earthworm composting". Comparing with traditional composting, the advantages of Earthworm composting in improving soil quality, increasing yield and quality of agricultural products are also paid more attention. The dynamic changes of biological and abiotic properties of type I agricultural wastes (cow dung, pig dung and edible fungus residue) during earthworm composting were studied. The environmental risk assessment was carried out based on the heavy metal forms and pathogenic organisms of earthworm composting. In addition, the synergistic effect of earthworm compost and Rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria was studied under field conditions in order to give full play to the rich resources of earthworm compost and the growth-promoting advantages of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria, and to explore the synergistic effects of earthworm compost and Rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. The specific results are as follows: 1. Based on the earthworm composting test, the earthworm can strengthen the mineralization and humification process of compost, strengthen the decomposition of organic matter, reduce the organic carbon, increase the content of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium, thereby reducing the C/N ratio; the effect of Earthworm on soluble organic matter (DOC and DON) It can be divided into two stages. The initial stage of composting can promote the production of small molecular organic compounds and increase their content. As the composting process proceeds, soluble organic compounds are continuously utilized by microorganisms. Mineralization produces inorganic nutrients that can be directly absorbed by plants. The contents of DOC and DON gradually decrease, and the DOC/DON ratio also decreases. 2. The results showed that the effect of earthworms on microorganisms could also be divided into two stages according to the analysis of biological properties. Earthworm activity in the early stage could promote microorganism growth, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content (MBC, MBN) and basal respiration intensity (BR) increased. The presence of liquid and excreta can maintain the microbial biomass in a relatively stable state for a certain period of time. On the contrary, earthworms can inhibit the biomass of fungi in the early stage of composting, but can promote the growth of fungi in the later stage. During the whole composting process, earthworms always inhibit the number of nematodes. The increase of the quantity, especially the outbreak of fungi-eating nematodes in the late stage of composting. 3. Analysis of heavy metal forms and pathogenic organisms in earthworm composting showed that earthworm activity could enhance the degradation of organic matter in the earthworm composting system, which had a certain biological amplification effect on heavy metals, leading to a significant increase in the concentration of heavy metals. The contents of humic acid components, especially humic acid components, were also significantly increased. Accordingly, the active heavy metals were strongly complexed by humic acid components, and the accumulation of heavy metals by earthworms led to a significant decrease in the proportion of the active components of heavy metals in the total amount. The number of fecal coliform bacteria and the mortality of Ascaris eggs in compost reached the national standard. 4. Field experiments based on earthworm compost showed that earthworm compost could obtain higher vegetable yield and better quality (increase the content of phosphorus, vitamin C, protein and glucose), increase the content of soil available nutrients and improve the soil quality. Biological properties are mainly reflected in soil microbial biomass, which has little effect on soil basal respiration. It is found that the metabolic function of soil microorganisms is not different between earthworm compost and conventional compost in the short term after fertilization, but the effect of compost materials on soil bacteria and fungi is more obvious. Fall structure showed that fertilization had a greater impact on soil bacterial community in the short term, especially in tomatoes grown in the second season. Earthworm compost and conventional compost could be separated by principal components; however, the impact on fungal community was relatively weak and the overall differentiation was not high. Only in the second season, four fertilization treatments were separated from non-fertilization control. Interaction between earthworm compost and Rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) showed that without earthworm compost, PGPR had little effect on Soil and crop growth, suggesting that external PGPR could not colonize successfully in soil. The increase of MBC and MBN, the decrease of DOC and DON, and the decrease of MBC/MBN suggest that PGPR can colonize successfully in soil under the action of earthworm compost and play a corresponding role in promoting growth. For example, both high and low doses of PGPR could promote tomato yield, but only when low doses of PGPR were applied, the positive effect of PGPR on spinach yield was significant. In summary, earthworm composting was more significant in terms of abiotic and biological properties. It is superior to conventional composting products, and the heavy metals and pathogenic organisms in earthworm compost meet the national safety standards, while the return of compost directly or in combination with Rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria to soil and crops has a positive effect. Therefore, the results of this study not only help to improve the recycling of agricultural waste, but also improve the service function of soil ecosystem. It will also help to make use of abundant soil animal resources for efficient utilization of organic wastes in the future.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S141.4
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