【摘要】：目前,我國(guó)農(nóng)作物秸稈廢棄田間、大面積秸稈露天焚燒的現(xiàn)象逐年增加。此做法不但是對(duì)生物質(zhì)資源的浪費(fèi),而且還破壞了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)生活環(huán)境,并已成為我國(guó)多地空氣污染的重要源頭之一。農(nóng)作物秸稈資源化工程,是改善農(nóng)村生態(tài)環(huán)境、提高農(nóng)民收入和實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要途徑之一。黑龍江省是我國(guó)重要的商品糧生產(chǎn)基地,農(nóng)作物秸稈產(chǎn)量大、分布廣但利用率低,對(duì)其農(nóng)作物秸稈的充分利用是全國(guó)秸稈綜合利用工程推廣的重要參考和動(dòng)力源泉。以黑龍江省為研究對(duì)象,從其發(fā)展農(nóng)作物秸稈資源化工程的原料收儲(chǔ)運(yùn)模式、技術(shù)工藝綜合效益、秸稈收集的經(jīng)濟(jì)半徑和環(huán)境半徑四個(gè)方面進(jìn)行了分析。農(nóng)作物秸稈資源化在帶來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的同時(shí)還可減少農(nóng)業(yè)垃圾并解決環(huán)境問(wèn)題。因此,經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和生態(tài)環(huán)境效益的考量對(duì)于農(nóng)作物秸稈資源化工程的發(fā)展同樣重要。采用能值評(píng)價(jià)法,對(duì)黑龍江省農(nóng)作物秸稈收儲(chǔ)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、環(huán)境和可持續(xù)發(fā)展?jié)撃苓M(jìn)行綜合分析。發(fā)現(xiàn):1)秸稈人工收集和三種機(jī)械收集方式,都具有很好的環(huán)境效益和可持續(xù)發(fā)展?jié)撃?其經(jīng)濟(jì)效益從高到低依次為:人工收集機(jī)械收集a機(jī)械收集b機(jī)械收集c,即人工收集系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益最佳;機(jī)械收集系統(tǒng)中,c的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益最低。2)三種秸稈儲(chǔ)藏模式的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益由高到低依次為:處理廠-倉(cāng)庫(kù)存儲(chǔ)站-露天存儲(chǔ)站-倉(cāng)庫(kù)模式,處理廠-倉(cāng)庫(kù)存儲(chǔ)模式的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益最高,建立中間存儲(chǔ)站的存儲(chǔ)模式與處理廠直接存儲(chǔ)相比經(jīng)濟(jì)效益低。3)在60km運(yùn)輸距離內(nèi),捆稈運(yùn)輸?shù)木C合效益優(yōu)于散稈;散稈運(yùn)輸距離在12.5km以內(nèi)、捆稈在40km以內(nèi)時(shí),拖拉機(jī)運(yùn)輸?shù)木C合效益較高,超出以上范圍時(shí),采用卡車(chē)運(yùn)輸?shù)木C合效益高。采用能值法,選取了經(jīng)濟(jì)(凈能值產(chǎn)出率EYR)、環(huán)境(環(huán)境負(fù)載率ELR)和可持續(xù)發(fā)展?jié)撃?能值可持續(xù)發(fā)展指數(shù)ESI)三個(gè)指標(biāo),以各應(yīng)用方式中綜合效益最佳的實(shí)例進(jìn)行秸稈資源化工程技術(shù)間綜合效益的比較和分析。發(fā)現(xiàn):農(nóng)作物秸稈資源化工程經(jīng)濟(jì)效益從高到低依次為:成型燃料沼氣發(fā)酵纖維素乙醇直燃發(fā)電氣化供氣工程;環(huán)境效益從高到低依次為:成型燃料沼氣發(fā)酵直燃發(fā)電氣化供氣纖維素乙醇工程;可持續(xù)發(fā)展?jié)撃軓母叩降鸵来螢?成型燃料沼氣發(fā)酵纖維素乙醇直燃發(fā)電氣化供氣工程。綜上,成型燃料和沼氣發(fā)酵工程綜合效益優(yōu)于其他工程類型,是適合目前黑龍江省發(fā)展的農(nóng)作物秸稈資源化途徑。針對(duì)農(nóng)作物秸稈資源化工程原料進(jìn)廠費(fèi)用高及供應(yīng)不穩(wěn)定的問(wèn)題,提出了基于單位秸稈資源化利用最佳經(jīng)濟(jì)效益半徑的評(píng)價(jià)模型,以此評(píng)價(jià)單位質(zhì)量的秸稈經(jīng)不同資源化工藝加工后獲得最大經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的運(yùn)輸半徑。以黑龍江省主要行政區(qū)域?yàn)閱挝?對(duì)其發(fā)展秸稈沼氣、乙醇、成型燃料和直燃發(fā)電工程的最佳經(jīng)濟(jì)半徑進(jìn)行了研究。各區(qū)域的最佳經(jīng)濟(jì)半徑區(qū)間分別為:秸稈沼氣工程(35.6~58.3 km),纖維素乙醇工程(31.1~58.3 km),成型燃料工程(3.5~7.1 km),直燃發(fā)電工程(20.1~31.2 km);相同農(nóng)作物秸稈資源化工程的最佳經(jīng)濟(jì)半徑主要受區(qū)域秸稈可資源化密度影響,綏化地區(qū)秸稈可資源化密度最大,其最佳經(jīng)濟(jì)半徑最短;相同區(qū)域發(fā)展不同農(nóng)作物秸稈資源化工程時(shí),沼氣和乙醇工程運(yùn)輸半徑最大,其次為直燃發(fā)電工程,成型燃料工程最小。部分區(qū)域的最佳經(jīng)濟(jì)半徑超出了區(qū)域的最大運(yùn)輸半徑,此時(shí)應(yīng)以最大運(yùn)輸半徑為準(zhǔn)。我國(guó)空氣污染問(wèn)題日益嚴(yán)重,空氣質(zhì)量導(dǎo)致的疾病和安全事件頻發(fā)。有效利用農(nóng)作物秸稈是緩解空氣污染的重要途徑。針對(duì)此問(wèn)題,構(gòu)建了農(nóng)作物秸稈資源化工程環(huán)境評(píng)價(jià)模型。以黑龍江省哈爾濱地區(qū)為例,對(duì)主要秸稈資源化工程的溫室氣體和PM2.5排放情況進(jìn)行了研究。發(fā)現(xiàn):1)當(dāng)工程均為最佳經(jīng)濟(jì)半徑時(shí),溫室氣體單位減排量依次為:沼氣發(fā)酵(106301t CO2 eq.)發(fā)酵乙醇(9690t CO2 eq.)直燃發(fā)電(2673t CO2 eq.)成型燃料(51t CO2 eq.)工程;PM2.5總減排量分別為沼氣發(fā)酵(1539512g)乙醇(1379045g)直燃發(fā)電(545428g)成型燃料(18045g)工程。2)運(yùn)輸半徑相同(即原料供應(yīng)量,以15km為例)時(shí),溫室氣體減排量從高至低依次為成型燃料(12523t CO2 eq.)沼氣發(fā)酵(1785t CO2 eq.)直燃發(fā)電(1359t CO2 eq.)乙醇發(fā)酵(770t CO2 eq.)工程;此時(shí)各工程PM2.5減排量基本相同(0.25t)。綜上所述,本文通過(guò)黑龍江省農(nóng)作物秸稈資源化工程收儲(chǔ)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)及不同類型工程的經(jīng)濟(jì)—環(huán)境—可持續(xù)發(fā)展?jié)撃芊治觥⒔?jīng)濟(jì)半徑和環(huán)境半徑的研究,從收儲(chǔ)運(yùn)模式、工藝選擇和原料收集半徑幾個(gè)方面對(duì)黑龍江省發(fā)展秸稈資源化工程提供了建議,以期能夠?qū)邶埥∞r(nóng)作物秸稈資源化工程的發(fā)展、相關(guān)政策制度的完善和工程類型的決策和規(guī)劃提供幫助。
[Abstract]:At present, the phenomenon of large-area open-air burning of crop straw in abandoned fields is increasing year by year. This practice not only wastes biomass resources, but also destroys the agricultural production and living environment, and has become one of the important sources of air pollution in many places in China. Heilongjiang Province is an important commodity grain production base in China. The yield of crop straw is large, the distribution is wide, but the utilization rate is low. The full utilization of crop straw is an important reference and power source for the popularization of comprehensive utilization of crop straw in China. Objectives: From four aspects of raw material collection, storage and transportation mode, technical and technological comprehensive benefit, economic radius and environmental radius of straw collection, this paper analyzes the development of crop straw recycling project. Environmental benefits are also important for the development of crop straw resource engineering. The paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the economic, environmental and sustainable development potential of crop straw harvesting, storage and transportation system in Heilongjiang Province by using emergy evaluation method. The economic benefits of the three stalk storage modes from high to low are as follows: a mechanical collection a mechanical collection B mechanical collection c, that is, the best economic benefits of the manual collection system; C in the mechanical collection system, the lowest economic benefits. 2) The economic benefits of the three stalk storage modes from high to low are as follows: treatment plant-warehouse storage station-open storage station-open storage station. In the warehouse mode, the economic benefit of the treatment plant-warehouse storage mode is the highest, and the storage mode of the intermediate storage station is lower than the direct storage mode of the treatment plant. The comprehensive benefit of truck transportation is high when it is higher than the above range. Three indexes, economic (net energy output rate EYR), environmental (environmental load rate ELR) and sustainable development potential (emergy sustainable development index ESI), are selected by emergy method to carry out straw recycling engineering technology with the best example of comprehensive benefit in each application mode. Comparing and analyzing the synthetical benefits, it is found that the economic benefits of crop straw recycling project are as follows: the direct-fired power generation and gasification of cellulose-ethanol by biogas fermentation; the environmental benefits are as follows: the direct-fired power generation and gasification of cellulose-ethanol by biogas fermentation; the sustainable development potential. From high to low, the order is as follows: Formed fuel biogas fermentation cellulose ethanol direct-fired power generation and gasification gas supply project. In a word, the comprehensive benefits of molded fuel and biogas fermentation project are better than other types of projects, which are suitable for the development of Heilongjiang Province at present. To solve the problem of unstable supply, an evaluation model based on the optimum economic benefit radius of straw resource utilization was proposed to evaluate the transportation radius of the maximum economic benefit of the straw processed by different resource utilization technologies. The optimum economic radius of material and direct-fired power generation project is studied. The optimum economic radius ranges of each region are straw biogas project (35.6-58.3 km), cellulose ethanol project (31.1-58.3 km), molding fuel project (3.5-7.1 km), direct-fired power generation project (20.1-31.2 km), and the optimum economic radius of the same crop straw resource engineering. Suihua has the largest straw resource density and the shortest optimum economic radius. In the same region, the transport radius of biogas and ethanol project is the largest, followed by direct-fired power generation project and molding fuel project is the smallest. The air pollution problem is becoming more and more serious in China, and the diseases and safety incidents caused by air quality are frequent. Effective utilization of crop straw is an important way to alleviate air pollution. Taking Harbin area of Heilongjiang Province as an example, the greenhouse gas and PM2.5 emissions from major straw resource projects were studied. It was found that: 1) When the project was the best economic radius, the greenhouse gas emission reduction per unit was in turn as follows: biogas fermentation (106301t CO2 eq.) ethanol fermentation (9690t CO2 eq.) direct-fired power generation (2673t CO2 eq.) molding combustion. The total emission reductions of PM2.5 are biogas fermentation (1539512g) ethanol (1379045g) direct-fired power generation (545428g) molding fuel (18045g) project. Electric (1359t CO2 eq.) ethanol fermentation (770t CO2 eq.) project; at this time the PM2.5 emission reduction of each project is basically the same (0.25t). In summary, this paper through the Heilongjiang Province crop straw resources engineering harvesting and transportation system and different types of projects of economic-environmental-sustainable development potential analysis, economic radius and environmental radius of the study, from the harvesting and storage. Transportation mode, process selection and material collection radius provide suggestions for the development of crop straw resource engineering in Heilongjiang Province, with a view to providing help for the development of crop straw resource engineering in Heilongjiang Province, the improvement of relevant policies and systems, and the decision-making and planning of project types.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S38;X712

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本文編號(hào)：2177931