【摘要】：秸稈是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中一種重要的可再生資源。采用秸稈還田的方式不但可以在培肥土壤的同時(shí)減少農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境的污染,而且可以保持土壤生產(chǎn)力促進(jìn)糧食增產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的效果。隨著秸稈還田技術(shù)的推廣力度不斷加大,在秸稈還田的基礎(chǔ)上如何調(diào)控化肥的施用從而保證資源的高效利用已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)前的研究熱點(diǎn)。本研究通過在湖北省多點(diǎn)開展不同輪作模式秸稈還田條件下的氮肥調(diào)控及鉀肥替代試驗(yàn),研究秸稈還田條件下氮肥用量及不同基追比的施肥效果以及秸稈替代鉀肥效果,以期為秸稈還田條件下氮肥和鉀肥的合理施用提供理論依據(jù)。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1.水旱輪作秸稈還田條件下氮肥調(diào)控研究結(jié)果表明,單季、1年輪作及連續(xù)2年輪作秸稈還田條件下均表明等氮量投入下,秸稈還田相比較秸稈不還田水稻、油菜和小麥產(chǎn)量、地上部生物量及氮素吸收量均呈現(xiàn)不同程度地增加。單季秸稈還田條件下高量施用氮肥(水稻195 kg N/hm2,油菜210 kg N/hm2,小麥180 kg N/hm2)相比較常量氮肥習(xí)慣3次施用水稻、油菜和小麥產(chǎn)量、地上部生物量及氮素吸收量均無顯著提高;而1年輪作及連續(xù)2年輪作秸稈還田條件下,高量施用氮肥對(duì)稻油輪作系統(tǒng)各指標(biāo)無顯著影響,但對(duì)稻麥輪作系統(tǒng)作物均有顯著提高作用。1年輪作下,高量氮肥3次施用配合秸稈還田相比較常量氮肥習(xí)慣3次施用水稻和小麥平均增產(chǎn)量為632和564 kg/hm2,增產(chǎn)率分別達(dá)6.85%和10.67%;地上部氮素吸收量平均分別增加11.54和23.57 kg N/hm2,增幅分別達(dá)7.88%和21.28%;2年輪作下,水稻和小麥平均增產(chǎn)量分別為429和377 kg/hm2,增產(chǎn)率分別達(dá)4.71%和7.63%,地上部氮素吸收量平均分別增加13.98和15.27 kg N/hm2,增幅分別達(dá)8.81%和13.10%。2.單季、1年及連續(xù)2年秸稈還田結(jié)果均表明,常量氮肥2次施用配合秸稈還田處理的產(chǎn)量、地上部生物量及氮素吸收量可以達(dá)到或優(yōu)于常量氮肥習(xí)慣3次施用的水平;就氮肥利用率而言,水稻、油菜和小麥均表現(xiàn)出常量投入即可獲得較高的氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力,等氮量投入下,秸稈還田效果要優(yōu)于秸稈不還田,且秸稈還田條件下氮肥兩次施用可以顯著提高氮肥利用率。因此,在秸稈還田條件下2種水旱輪作模式均可以通過減少氮肥的施用次數(shù)(即后肥前移)從而保證作物達(dá)到高產(chǎn)或穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的目的,同時(shí)顯著提高氮肥利用率。3.水旱輪作秸稈還田條件下鉀肥替代研究結(jié)果表明,單季、1年及連續(xù)2年秸稈還田結(jié)果均表明,與不施鉀處理(CK)相比,施鉀和秸稈還田均可以不同程度地增加水稻、油菜和小麥的產(chǎn)量、地上部生物量和鉀素吸收量,3種供鉀土壤產(chǎn)量增幅效果表現(xiàn)為低等供鉀(12.51%—126.33%)中等供鉀(5.57%—24.54%)高等供鉀(2.55%—12.77%),各處理產(chǎn)量增幅效果以秸稈配施鉀肥處理較好。高等供鉀條件下,+S處理作物產(chǎn)量均可以達(dá)到+K處理水平;中等供鉀條件下,S+1/2K處理作物產(chǎn)量可以達(dá)到+K處理水平;而低等供鉀條件下,水稻季S+3/4K處理、油菜和小麥季S+1/2K處理可以達(dá)到+K處理產(chǎn)量。就鉀素利用率而言,秸稈不還田條件下農(nóng)學(xué)利用率和吸收利用率均高于秸稈還田條件下鉀素利用率,水稻季鉀素農(nóng)學(xué)利用率和吸收利用率高于旱地作物(油菜、小麥),且高等供鉀土壤鉀素農(nóng)學(xué)利用率(0.7—4.5 kg/kg)和吸收利用率(9.0%—94.9%)均要低于中等供鉀(農(nóng)學(xué)利用率0.8—12.2 kg/kg,吸收利用率11.9%—119.3%)和低等供鉀土壤(農(nóng)學(xué)利用率1.6—37.1 kg/kg,吸收利用率19.7%—119.3%)。4.通過計(jì)算土壤-作物系統(tǒng)鉀素表觀平衡發(fā)現(xiàn),水稻季收獲后各處理土壤鉀素均處于虧缺的狀況,但秸稈還田處理虧缺量要遠(yuǎn)小于秸稈不還田處理,而油菜和小麥季收獲后秸稈還田各處理相比較秸稈不還田處理均可以扭虧為盈(油菜季盈余量平均為21.83—103.15 kg K2O/hm2,小麥季盈余量平均為23.50—95.93 kg K2O/hm2),說明秸稈還田可以明顯緩解土壤鉀素虧缺的狀況;通過一元二次方程和線性方程擬合秸稈還田條件下鉀肥用量和作物產(chǎn)量之間的關(guān)系,比較+K處理產(chǎn)量得到適宜鉀肥用量。秸稈還田條件下水稻、油菜和小麥3種作物在高鉀、中鉀和低鉀田塊的鉀肥適宜施用量平均分別為29 kg K2O/hm2、32 kg K2O/hm2、48 kg K2O/hm2,與目前鉀肥施用量60 kg K2O/hm2相比,高鉀地塊可減少鉀肥用量51.7%、中鉀地塊可減少46.7%、低鉀地塊可減少20.0%。周年輪作秸稈還田條件下,稻油輪作鉀肥用量為31 kg K2O/hm2,減少幅度為48.3%;稻麥輪作鉀肥用量為33 kg K2O/hm2,減少幅度為45.0%。
[Abstract]:Straw is an important renewable resource in agricultural production. The method of straw returning can not only reduce the pollution of the agricultural ecological environment while the soil is fertilized, but also can maintain the effect of soil productivity and increase the yield and stable yield of grain. With the increasing of straw returning technology, it is based on the straw returning to the field. How to regulate the application of chemical fertilizer so as to ensure the efficient utilization of resources has become a hot spot of research. In this study, the nitrogen fertilizer regulation and potassium fertilizer replacement test under different crop rotation modes in Hubei province were carried out. The application of nitrogen fertilizer and different base chasing under straw returning conditions and straw replacement were studied. The effect of potassium fertilizer is expected to provide a theoretical basis for rational application of nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer under the condition of straw returning. The main results are as follows: 1. the results of nitrogen fertilizer regulation under the condition of returning straw to field under water and drought rotation have shown that the single season, 1 year rotation and 2 years of continuous rotation of straw under the condition of straw returning to the field have shown that the straw returned to the field compared with the straw. Rice yield, rape and wheat yield, aboveground biomass and nitrogen uptake increased in varying degrees. High application of nitrogen fertilizer (rice 195 kg N/hm2, rapeseed 210 kg N/hm2, wheat 180 kg N/hm2) under the single season straw returning condition compared with the normal nitrogen fertilizer used in rice, rape and wheat yield, aboveground biomass and nitrogen. There was no significant increase in the amount of absorption, while the 1 year rotation and 2 years of continuous rotation of straw had no significant effect on the rice oil rotation system, but there was a significant increase in the crop rotation system for rice and wheat crop rotation system, and the high nitrogen fertilizer applied 3 times to the straw return field for 3 times of application of rice under the.1 year rotation. The average yield increased by 632 and 564 kg/hm2, and the yield increased by 6.85% and 10.67%, respectively, and the average increase of nitrogen uptake by 11.54 and 23.57 kg N/hm2, respectively, was 7.88% and 21.28%, respectively, and the average increase of rice and wheat was 429 and 377 kg/hm2 respectively under the 2 year rotation, and the increase of yield was up to 4.71% and 7.63%, and the nitrogen uptake in the upper part of the ground was respectively. The average increase of 13.98 and 15.27 kg N/hm2 respectively, the increase of 8.81% and 13.10%.2. single season respectively, 1 years and 2 consecutive years of straw returning results show that the constant nitrogen fertilizer 2 combined with straw returning yield, the biomass and nitrogen absorption capacity of the upper ground can reach or better than the normal nitrogen fertilizer habits 3 application level; nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate, In the case of rice, rape and wheat, high nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity can be obtained by constant input. Under the input of nitrogen amount, the effect of straw returning is better than that of straw not returning to the field, and the nitrogen fertilizer application rate can be significantly increased by two application of nitrogen fertilizer under the straw returning condition. Therefore, under the condition of straw returning to the field, the 2 types of water and drought rotation modes can be reduced. The use of less nitrogen fertilizer (i.e., the forward shift of post fertilizer) so as to ensure the crops to achieve high or stable yield, and significantly improve the nitrogen utilization rate of.3. under the condition of straw returning under the condition of straw returning. The results of single season, 1 years and 2 consecutive years of straw returning show that potassium application and straw return can be compared with non potassium treatment (CK). The yield of rice, rape and wheat, aboveground biomass and potassium uptake were increased to different degrees. The effect of 3 kinds of potassium supply soil yield increase was lower potassium supply (12.51% - 126.33%) for potassium (5.57% - 24.54%) higher potassium supply (2.55% - 12.77%). The effect of yield increase of each treatment was better with straw combined with potash fertilizer. Under the condition of medium potassium supply, the yield of +S treatment could reach the level of +K treatment, and the yield of S+1/2K treated crop could reach the level of +K treatment under the condition of medium potassium supply, but under the condition of low potassium supply, S+3/4K treatment in rice season, and S+1/2K treatment in rape and wheat season could reach +K treatment yield. The utilization ratio of the potassium and the utilization rate of potassium in rice is higher than that of the dry land crops (rape, wheat), and the utilization ratio of potassium in higher potassium soil (0.7 - 4.5 kg/kg) and the absorption and utilization ratio (9% - 94.9%) are lower than that of moderate potassium supply (agronomic utilization rate of 0.8 - 12.2 kg/kg). The utilization rate of 11.9% - 119.3%) and low potassium supply soil (agricultural utilization rate 1.6 - 37.1 kg/kg, absorption and utilization ratio 19.7% - 119.3%).4. by calculating the apparent balance of soil crop system potassium found that the soil potassium in each treatment after the harvest of rice season was in the deficit condition, but the loss of straw returning to field was much less than that of straw returning. After the rape and the wheat season harvest, the straw returning to the field can turn to profit (the average of 21.83 - 103.15 kg K2O/hm2 for the rape season surplus, the average of the wheat season surplus is 23.50 - 95.93 kg K2O/hm2), which shows that the straw returning can obviously alleviate the condition of soil potassium deficiency; through the two times equation of one dollar The relationship between the amount of potassium fertilizer and crop yield was fitted with the linear equation, and the suitable amount of potassium fertilizer was compared with the yield of +K treatment. Under the condition of straw returning, the suitable amount of potassium fertilizer for 3 crops in rice, rape and wheat in high potassium, medium potassium and low potassium fields was 29 kg K2O/hm2,32 kg K2O/hm2,48 kg K2O/hm2. At present, compared with 60 kg K2O/hm2, potassium fertilizer can be reduced by 51.7% of potassium fertilizer and 46.7% of medium potassium massif is reduced. Under the condition of 20.0%. anniversary, the amount of potassium fertilizer in rice oil rotation is 31 kg K2O/hm2, the decrease is 48.3%, and the amount of potassium fertilizer in rice wheat rotation is 33 kg K2O/hm2, and the decrease is 45.0%.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S141.4;S143

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