區(qū)域尺度下農(nóng)田土壤微生物對(duì)重金屬和土壤特性的響應(yīng)與定向變異
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-25 12:37
【摘要】：由于城鎮(zhèn)化、工業(yè)化的快速發(fā)展,我國(guó)土壤重金屬污染已成為近幾十年來(lái)的重要環(huán)境問(wèn)題。農(nóng)業(yè)土壤重金屬污染會(huì)造成土壤功能紊亂和作物中重金屬的含量增加。水稻是我國(guó)第一大糧食作物,稻米的品質(zhì)與人們的健康息息相關(guān)。因此,開(kāi)展土壤-水稻系統(tǒng)重金屬污染的研究,對(duì)土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè)和保障農(nóng)產(chǎn)品安全具有重要意義。同時(shí),土壤重金屬污染易導(dǎo)致微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)的變化,進(jìn)而影響到土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的功能多樣性和生物化學(xué)過(guò)程。目前此類(lèi)研究多為實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)驗(yàn)或小范圍進(jìn)行的田間實(shí)驗(yàn),因此,有必要進(jìn)行區(qū)域尺度下微生物對(duì)重金屬和土壤特性的響應(yīng)分析,探究農(nóng)田微生物的關(guān)鍵影響因子,為農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展和生態(tài)環(huán)境的保護(hù)提供依據(jù)。本研究以浙江省溫嶺市為研究區(qū)域,利用地統(tǒng)計(jì)和多元統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方法,系統(tǒng)研究了土壤-水稻系統(tǒng)重金屬污染現(xiàn)狀、趨勢(shì)、潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和人體健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；分析了土壤微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)的空間分布特征及其與重金屬和土壤特性的響應(yīng)關(guān)系。獲得的主要結(jié)果如下：(1)通過(guò)地統(tǒng)計(jì)和空間分析方法,對(duì)土壤-水稻系統(tǒng)重金屬的時(shí)空變異研究表明,空間上,研究區(qū)土壤和水稻重金屬均有一定的空間分布規(guī)律；時(shí)間上,與2006年相比,土壤中Cd、Cu和Pb的平均含量增加。土壤Cd和Cu含量增加區(qū)域最明顯。水稻中Cd的平均含量增加了近一倍,并且含量增加區(qū)域分布普遍,須引起重視。(2)參照土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),土壤中Cd和Cu的超標(biāo)率最高。與國(guó)家食品衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相比較,水稻中Cd超標(biāo)率最高,有輕微污染特征。Cd潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)最高,達(dá)到了中等危害水平。成人和兒童面臨的非致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)主要來(lái)自食用大米,成人風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于兒童。研究區(qū)居民面臨致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且Cd的致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大于Ni。土壤重金屬潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù),健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)指數(shù)均在北部和西南部存在高值區(qū)。(3)相關(guān)分析和RDA分析表明,Zn和Cu主要與社會(huì)環(huán)境因子關(guān)系密切。Cd和Pb與農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)相關(guān)。Ni主要受土壤理化性狀影響。土壤環(huán)境因子共解釋了43.3%的重金屬總變異。(4)土壤微生物單個(gè)脂肪酸和各類(lèi)群磷脂脂肪酸絕對(duì)含量均為研究區(qū)西南部含量較高。通過(guò)因子分析和回歸分析表明,單個(gè)脂肪酸中,18:1ω9c、i15:0、il6:0、a17:0、 i17:0、cy19:0ω8c、10Me16:0和10Me18：0的關(guān)鍵影響因子為土壤理化性狀；16：00、16：1ω5c、16：1ω7c、18：1ω7c、a15：0、cy17：0和18：2ω6,9c與土壤理化性狀和重金屬密切相關(guān)。對(duì)于微生物類(lèi)群,細(xì)菌、革蘭氏陰性菌、革蘭氏陽(yáng)性菌和真菌受土壤重金屬含量和理化性狀的綜合影響；放線菌則主要受土壤理化性狀的影響。土壤環(huán)境因子中,有機(jī)碳是微生物的主要促進(jìn)因子。影響微生物的重金屬主要為Cd和Cu。Cd表現(xiàn)為抑制作用,Cu對(duì)微生物具有明顯的促進(jìn)作用。(5)對(duì)微生物磷脂脂肪酸相對(duì)含量的分析表明,16:00、16:1ω7c、18:1ω7c、 18:1ω9c、115:0、cy19:0ω8c、10Me16:0為研究區(qū)土壤微生物的優(yōu)勢(shì)類(lèi)群,細(xì)菌豐度最高,其次為放線菌,真菌最低。地統(tǒng)計(jì)分析表明,各特征脂肪酸的相對(duì)含量的分布格局差異較大。細(xì)菌和革蘭氏陰性菌在研究區(qū)東部和西北部的相對(duì)含量較高；革蘭氏陽(yáng)性菌和放線菌的高值區(qū)位于研究區(qū)西北部；真菌的高值區(qū)主要分布在偏南部地區(qū)。革蘭氏陽(yáng)性菌與重金屬呈負(fù)相關(guān),革蘭氏陰性菌和陽(yáng)性菌的比值與重金屬的正相關(guān)關(guān)系表明重金屬污染土壤中,革蘭氏陰性菌比革蘭氏陽(yáng)性菌更具優(yōu)勢(shì)；真菌與重金屬呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系；真菌和細(xì)菌的比值與Cd顯著負(fù)相關(guān),表明研究區(qū)土壤重金屬污染導(dǎo)致土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性降低；cy/pre與重金屬的正相關(guān)關(guān)系說(shuō)明重金屬污染已對(duì)研究區(qū)土壤微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生了脅迫作用。RDA分析表明,環(huán)境因子共解釋微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)39.8%的變異,其中土壤理化性狀解釋33.4%的變異,重金屬解釋的變異量為14.7%。土壤微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)的主要影響因素為pH、電導(dǎo)率(EC)、有機(jī)碳(OC)、重金屬、機(jī)械組成以及鋁氧化物。(6)Shannon指數(shù)、Pielou均勻性指數(shù)和Simpson優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù)空間分布規(guī)律相似,高值區(qū)均存在于研究區(qū)西南部。相關(guān)分析表明,三種多樣性指數(shù)與重金屬存在顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系,表明本研究區(qū)土壤中重金屬污染對(duì)微生物存在中等程度的脅迫,導(dǎo)致微生物多樣性和均勻度增加,優(yōu)勢(shì)度降低。
[Abstract]:Due to urbanization and rapid development of industrialization, heavy metal pollution in soil in China has become an important environmental problem in recent decades. Heavy metal pollution in agricultural soils will cause soil dysfunction and increase the content of heavy metals in crops. Rice is the first major grain crop in China. The quality of rice is closely related to the health of people. Therefore, the quality of rice is closely related to people's health. The study of heavy metal pollution in the spreading soil rice system is of great significance for monitoring soil environmental quality and ensuring the safety of agricultural products. At the same time, heavy metal pollution in soil easily leads to the change of microbial community structure, and then affects the functional diversity and biologic process of soil ecosystem. Or small field experiments, therefore, it is necessary to analyze the response of microbes to the characteristics of heavy metals and soil under regional scale, explore the key influencing factors of agricultural microbes, and provide the basis for the sustainable development of agriculture and the protection of the ecological environment. This study takes Wenling, Zhejiang as the research area, and uses land statistics and multivariate analysis. The statistical analysis method was used to systematically study the current situation, trend, potential ecological risk and human health risk of soil rice system, and analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of soil microbial community structure and its response to the characteristics of heavy metals and soil. The main results are as follows: (1) through the method of land statistics and spatial analysis The spatial and temporal variation of heavy metals in soil rice system showed that the spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil and rice had a certain spatial distribution in the study area. Compared with 2006, the average content of Cd, Cu and Pb in soil increased. The increase of soil Cd and Cu content was most obvious. The average content of Cd in rice increased by nearly one time. More attention should be paid to the increasing regional distribution of the content. (2) according to the two grade standard of soil environmental quality, the highest rate of Cd and Cu in the soil is the highest. Compared with the national food hygiene standard, the rate of Cd exceeding the standard in rice is the highest, and the potential ecological risk index of.Cd has the highest level, which has reached the middle hazard level. The risk of cancer is mainly from edible rice, and the risk of adult is higher than that of children. The risk of carcinogenesis of the residents in the study area is higher than that of the Ni. soil heavy metal potential risk index, and the health risk assessment index is high in the northern and southwestern regions. (3) correlation analysis and RDA analysis show that Zn and Cu are closely related to social environmental factors. The effects of cutting.Cd and Pb on agricultural activities were mainly influenced by soil physical and chemical properties. The total variation of 43.3% heavy metals was explained by soil environmental factors. (4) the absolute content of single fatty acid and phosphatidic fatty acids in soil microorganism was higher in the southwest of the study area. Through factor analysis and regression analysis, the individual fatty acid, 18:1 The key influence factors of Omega 9C, i15:0, il6:0, a17:0, i17:0, cy19:0 Omega 8C, 10Me16:0 and 10Me18:0 are soil physicochemical properties; 16:00,16:1 Omega 5C, 16:1 Omega, Omega, and Omega are closely related to soil physicochemical properties and heavy metals. For microbial groups, bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and true The bacteria were affected by the comprehensive effects of heavy metal content and physicochemical properties of soil, and actinomycetes were mainly influenced by soil physical and chemical properties. Organic carbon was the main promoting factor in soil environmental factors. Heavy metals affecting microbes were mainly inhibited by Cd and Cu.Cd, and Cu had obvious promoting effect on microorganism. (5) microorganism The analysis of the relative content of phosphatidylcholine showed that 16:00,16:1 Omega 7C, 18:1 Omega 7C, 18:1 Omega 9C, 115:0, cy19:0 Omega 8C, 10Me16:0 were the dominant groups of soil microbes in the study area, and the abundance of bacteria was the highest, followed by actinomycetes and fungi. The relative content of the negative bacteria in the East and the northwest of the study area is higher; the high value area of gram-positive and actinomycetes is located in the northwest of the study area; the high value area of the fungi is mainly distributed in the southern part of the area. In heavy metal contaminated soil, Gram-negative bacteria have more advantages than Gram-positive bacteria; fungi and heavy metals are negatively related to heavy metals; the ratio of fungi and bacteria is negatively correlated with Cd, indicating that soil heavy metal pollution in the study area leads to the degradation of soil ecosystem stability; the positive correlation between cy/pre and heavy metals indicates heavy metal pollution. .RDA analysis of soil microbial community structure in the study area showed that environmental factors co explained the variation of microbial community structure 39.8%, among which the variation of soil physical and chemical properties explained 33.4%, the variation of heavy metal interpretation was the main influencing factors of soil microbial community structure of 14.7%., electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC). Heavy metals, mechanical components and aluminum oxide. (6) Shannon index, Pielou uniformity index and Simpson dominance index are similar in spatial distribution, and high value areas all exist in the southwest of the study area. Correlation analysis shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the three diversity indices and heavy metals, indicating that heavy metal pollution in the soil of this study area is micro There is a moderate degree of stress in organisms, resulting in increased microbial diversity and evenness and dominance reduction.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：X53;S154.3
本文編號(hào)：2143847
[Abstract]:Due to urbanization and rapid development of industrialization, heavy metal pollution in soil in China has become an important environmental problem in recent decades. Heavy metal pollution in agricultural soils will cause soil dysfunction and increase the content of heavy metals in crops. Rice is the first major grain crop in China. The quality of rice is closely related to the health of people. Therefore, the quality of rice is closely related to people's health. The study of heavy metal pollution in the spreading soil rice system is of great significance for monitoring soil environmental quality and ensuring the safety of agricultural products. At the same time, heavy metal pollution in soil easily leads to the change of microbial community structure, and then affects the functional diversity and biologic process of soil ecosystem. Or small field experiments, therefore, it is necessary to analyze the response of microbes to the characteristics of heavy metals and soil under regional scale, explore the key influencing factors of agricultural microbes, and provide the basis for the sustainable development of agriculture and the protection of the ecological environment. This study takes Wenling, Zhejiang as the research area, and uses land statistics and multivariate analysis. The statistical analysis method was used to systematically study the current situation, trend, potential ecological risk and human health risk of soil rice system, and analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of soil microbial community structure and its response to the characteristics of heavy metals and soil. The main results are as follows: (1) through the method of land statistics and spatial analysis The spatial and temporal variation of heavy metals in soil rice system showed that the spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil and rice had a certain spatial distribution in the study area. Compared with 2006, the average content of Cd, Cu and Pb in soil increased. The increase of soil Cd and Cu content was most obvious. The average content of Cd in rice increased by nearly one time. More attention should be paid to the increasing regional distribution of the content. (2) according to the two grade standard of soil environmental quality, the highest rate of Cd and Cu in the soil is the highest. Compared with the national food hygiene standard, the rate of Cd exceeding the standard in rice is the highest, and the potential ecological risk index of.Cd has the highest level, which has reached the middle hazard level. The risk of cancer is mainly from edible rice, and the risk of adult is higher than that of children. The risk of carcinogenesis of the residents in the study area is higher than that of the Ni. soil heavy metal potential risk index, and the health risk assessment index is high in the northern and southwestern regions. (3) correlation analysis and RDA analysis show that Zn and Cu are closely related to social environmental factors. The effects of cutting.Cd and Pb on agricultural activities were mainly influenced by soil physical and chemical properties. The total variation of 43.3% heavy metals was explained by soil environmental factors. (4) the absolute content of single fatty acid and phosphatidic fatty acids in soil microorganism was higher in the southwest of the study area. Through factor analysis and regression analysis, the individual fatty acid, 18:1 The key influence factors of Omega 9C, i15:0, il6:0, a17:0, i17:0, cy19:0 Omega 8C, 10Me16:0 and 10Me18:0 are soil physicochemical properties; 16:00,16:1 Omega 5C, 16:1 Omega, Omega, and Omega are closely related to soil physicochemical properties and heavy metals. For microbial groups, bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and true The bacteria were affected by the comprehensive effects of heavy metal content and physicochemical properties of soil, and actinomycetes were mainly influenced by soil physical and chemical properties. Organic carbon was the main promoting factor in soil environmental factors. Heavy metals affecting microbes were mainly inhibited by Cd and Cu.Cd, and Cu had obvious promoting effect on microorganism. (5) microorganism The analysis of the relative content of phosphatidylcholine showed that 16:00,16:1 Omega 7C, 18:1 Omega 7C, 18:1 Omega 9C, 115:0, cy19:0 Omega 8C, 10Me16:0 were the dominant groups of soil microbes in the study area, and the abundance of bacteria was the highest, followed by actinomycetes and fungi. The relative content of the negative bacteria in the East and the northwest of the study area is higher; the high value area of gram-positive and actinomycetes is located in the northwest of the study area; the high value area of the fungi is mainly distributed in the southern part of the area. In heavy metal contaminated soil, Gram-negative bacteria have more advantages than Gram-positive bacteria; fungi and heavy metals are negatively related to heavy metals; the ratio of fungi and bacteria is negatively correlated with Cd, indicating that soil heavy metal pollution in the study area leads to the degradation of soil ecosystem stability; the positive correlation between cy/pre and heavy metals indicates heavy metal pollution. .RDA analysis of soil microbial community structure in the study area showed that environmental factors co explained the variation of microbial community structure 39.8%, among which the variation of soil physical and chemical properties explained 33.4%, the variation of heavy metal interpretation was the main influencing factors of soil microbial community structure of 14.7%., electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC). Heavy metals, mechanical components and aluminum oxide. (6) Shannon index, Pielou uniformity index and Simpson dominance index are similar in spatial distribution, and high value areas all exist in the southwest of the study area. Correlation analysis shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the three diversity indices and heavy metals, indicating that heavy metal pollution in the soil of this study area is micro There is a moderate degree of stress in organisms, resulting in increased microbial diversity and evenness and dominance reduction.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：X53;S154.3
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