本文選題：生物結(jié)皮 + 植被格局��； 參考：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：生物結(jié)皮是黃土丘陵區(qū)坡面水土流失不可忽略的影響因素,目前生物結(jié)皮對坡面產(chǎn)流過程的影響仍不明確。本文采用放水試驗和模擬降雨試驗相結(jié)合的方法,研究生物結(jié)皮-植被坡面對產(chǎn)流時間、水流深、徑流流速以及徑流系數(shù)等產(chǎn)流特征參數(shù)的影響,探討生物結(jié)皮-植被坡面的產(chǎn)流過程,旨在為科學(xué)認識生物結(jié)皮的水文效應(yīng)和該區(qū)水土保持工作提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。得到的主要結(jié)論如下:1、生物結(jié)皮是坡面產(chǎn)流過程的重要影響因素,主要通過影響產(chǎn)流時間、徑流流速及徑流在坡面的分布而影響坡面產(chǎn)流過程,影響程度與生物結(jié)皮的發(fā)育階段和生物組成有關(guān)。1)淺色藻結(jié)皮、深色藻結(jié)皮和混合結(jié)皮較裸地顯著降低了初始產(chǎn)流時間,三者的初始產(chǎn)流時間較裸地分別減少89.0%、96.2%和96.0%;蘚結(jié)皮較裸地顯著增加了初始產(chǎn)流時間。淺色藻結(jié)皮和混合結(jié)皮較裸地顯著延長了退水持續(xù)時間,而深色藻結(jié)皮的退水持續(xù)時間與裸地差異不顯著。2)深色藻結(jié)皮和蘚結(jié)皮的徑流流速較裸地分別降低了29.1%和67.3%;蘚結(jié)皮的徑流流速顯著低于其它生物結(jié)皮小區(qū);淺色藻結(jié)皮的徑流深顯著高于深色藻結(jié)皮。3)不同類型的生物結(jié)皮較裸地明顯改變了坡面產(chǎn)流過程;淺色藻結(jié)皮小區(qū)的徑流系數(shù)顯著高于裸地,深色藻結(jié)皮和混合結(jié)皮小區(qū)的徑流系數(shù)較裸地差異不顯著;放水時段內(nèi),蘚結(jié)皮小區(qū)沒有徑流流出。2、生物結(jié)皮坡面的產(chǎn)流過程與生物結(jié)皮與植被在坡面的分布格局和放水流量有關(guān)。1)隨著放水流量增大,相同植被格局的坡面初始產(chǎn)流時間顯著減少,退水持續(xù)時間、徑流流速和水流深顯著增加。三種流量下,生物結(jié)皮斑塊的水流深均顯著低于植被斑塊的水流深。2)同一流量下,坡頂聚集格局的初始產(chǎn)流時間較無植被小區(qū)無顯著差異,而坡底聚集、坡中聚集和帶狀格局的初始產(chǎn)流時間顯著高于無植被小區(qū)。坡底聚集格局的退水持續(xù)時間顯著高于無植被小區(qū)。3)植被小區(qū)較無植被小區(qū)顯著地降低了徑流流速。坡頂聚集和坡底聚集格局較無植被小區(qū)顯著地延緩了坡面的徑流流速,而坡中聚集和帶狀格局較無植被小區(qū)無顯著差異。4)不同植被格局對坡面瞬時徑流量的變化過程的影響存在較大差異,且這種差異隨著放水流量的增加而減小。三種放水流量下,坡頂聚集格局的徑流系數(shù)較無植被小區(qū)差異均不顯著,而在2、4L/min流量下,坡底聚集、坡中聚集和帶狀格局的徑流系數(shù)較無植被小區(qū)顯著減小。3、野外模擬降雨條件下,植被格局、降雨強度、坡長和坡度等因素均可影響生物結(jié)皮-植被坡面的產(chǎn)流過程。1)同一處理小區(qū)中植被斑塊的開始積水時間和水流深均顯著大于生物結(jié)皮斑塊,徑流流速均顯著小于生物結(jié)皮斑塊。試驗條件下,植被格局對坡面產(chǎn)流過程的影響不明顯。2)生物結(jié)皮與植被莖基面積比與徑流流速和區(qū)域水流深均呈正相關(guān)的關(guān)系。生物結(jié)皮與植被莖基面積比增加,植被斑塊的水流深變化大于生物結(jié)皮斑塊。3)同一雨強下,隨機格局較對照區(qū)延長了坡面的初始產(chǎn)流時間、減緩了徑流流速,降低了坡面的徑流系數(shù)。隨著雨強增大,隨機格局和對照區(qū)的初始產(chǎn)流時間減少,徑流流速、水流深和徑流系數(shù)均有所增加。4)隨著坡長增加,徑流流速、水流深和徑流系數(shù)曲線均呈先增加后減少的單峰變化,臨界坡長均為8m。坡度為25°時的徑流流速和水流深均顯著小于16°坡度。
[Abstract]:The biological crust is an important factor which can not be ignored in the loess hilly area. At present, the effect of biological crust on the runoff process is still not clear. In this paper, the runoff time, flow depth, flow velocity and runoff coefficient are studied by the combination of water release test and simulated rainfall experiment. The effect of characteristic parameters on the flow process of biological crust vegetation slope is discussed in order to provide scientific basis for the scientific understanding of the hydrologic effect of biological crust and the work of soil and water conservation in this area. The main conclusions are as follows: 1, biological crust is an important factor affecting the flow process of slope surface, mainly through the influence of runoff time, flow velocity and diameter. The distribution of the flow on the slope affects the flow process of the slope, the degree of influence is related to the growth stage of the biological crust and the biological composition of the.1) light alga crust, and the crusts and mixed crusts of the alga are significantly lower than those of the bare land. The initial production time of the three is 89%, 96.2% and 96%, respectively, and the moss crust is significantly higher than that of the bare land. With the addition of the initial flow time, the shallow algae crust and the mixed crust significantly prolonged the duration of water withdrawal, while the duration of water withdrawal from the crust of the dark algae was not significantly different from that of bare land.2) the runoff velocity of the crust and the moss crust decreased by 29.1% and 67.3%, respectively, and the flow velocity of the moss crust was significantly lower than that of other biological crusts. The runoff depth of the shallow algae crust was significantly higher than that of the dark algae crust.3). The runoff coefficient of different types of biological crust changed the runoff process obviously, the runoff coefficient of the light alga crust cell was significantly higher than that of the bare land, and the runoff coefficient of the dark algae crust and the mixed crust was not significant. The flow process of runoff is.2, the flow process of biological crust slope is related to the distribution pattern of biological crust and vegetation on the slope distribution and the flow rate of.1). With the increase of the discharge flow, the initial flow time of the slope surface of the same vegetation pattern is significantly reduced, the retreating duration, the flow velocity and the depth of water flow increase significantly. Under the three kinds of flow, the biological crust patch The depth of water flow is significantly lower than the depth of water depth.2 of vegetation patches. The initial flow time of the top slope aggregation pattern is not significantly different from that of no vegetation, but the initial runoff time in the slope bottom is significantly higher than that in the non vegetation plot. The duration of water retreat in the slope bottom aggregating grid is significantly higher than that of the non vegetation plot. 3) the flow velocity of runoff was significantly reduced in the vegetation plot than in the non vegetation plot. The slope top aggregation and the slope bottom aggregation pattern significantly delayed the runoff velocity of the slope, while the aggregation and banded pattern in the slope had no significant difference.4 from that of the non vegetation plot. The influence of different vegetation patterns on the change process of the instantaneous runoff of the slope was larger. The difference is decreased with the increase of the discharge flow. Under the three kinds of discharge flow, the runoff coefficient of the top of the slope is not significant compared with that of the non vegetation plot, but under the 2,4L/min flow, the slope bottom is aggregated. The runoff coefficient in the sloping and banded pattern is significantly reduced by.3 than that in the small vegetation area, and the vegetation is vegetation under the simulated rainfall conditions. The pattern, rainfall intensity, slope length and slope can affect the flow process of the biological crust and vegetation slope.1). The initial water accumulation time and the depth of water flow in the same treatment area are significantly greater than that of the biological crusts, and the flow velocity is significantly smaller than that of the biological crusts. The relationship between the area ratio of the biological crust and the stem base of vegetation is positively correlated with the flow velocity and the depth of water flow in the region. The ratio of the area ratio of the biological crust to the stem base of the vegetation is increased, the depth of the water flow in the vegetation patch is greater than that of the.3 of the biological crust. The random pattern prolongs the initial flow time of the slope surface and slows down the.2. With the increase of rainfall intensity, the initial runoff time of the random pattern and the control area decreased, the flow velocity, the flow depth and the runoff coefficient increased.4 with the increase of the rainfall intensity. The flow velocity, the flow depth and the runoff coefficient curves were first and then decreased with the increase of the slope length, and the critical slope length was 8m. gradient. The runoff velocity and flow depth at 25 degrees are significantly less than 16 degree slope.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S157

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