本文選題：水稻 + 有機無機肥配施��； 參考：《浙江大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：稻田的氮磷養(yǎng)分流失是農業(yè)面源污染的主要來源。經濟林產業(yè)在我國發(fā)展迅速,但因缺乏管理、過度開發(fā)使得我國經濟林水土流失和養(yǎng)分流失問題嚴重。稻田的養(yǎng)分流失和經濟林的土壤侵蝕問題已經嚴重阻礙了我國農業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展和環(huán)境友好。控制養(yǎng)分的投入和地表徑流的流失是降低氮磷污染負荷的重要手段。本論文通過田間試驗研究了有機無機肥配施、施用包膜尿素等不同施肥方式對水稻生長和稻田氮磷流失的影響、通過徑流小區(qū)試驗研究了不同土地管理方式下對板栗林水土流失和養(yǎng)分流失的影響。取得以下主要結果:1)雙季稻田間試驗結果表明,高產高效施肥處理CM(N)和氮高效施肥處理CM(-N)籽粒產量、地上部氮磷積累量均與常規(guī)施肥處理FP無顯著差異。晚稻高產高效施肥處理CM(N)和氮高效施肥處理CM(-N)氮表觀利用率顯著高于常規(guī)施肥處理FP。說明有機無機肥配施可以保證早晚稻的籽粒產量并提高晚稻和年際的化肥氮表觀利用率。2)單季稻田間試驗結果表明,在減少氮肥30%和磷肥40%的優(yōu)化測土配方施肥基礎上,25%有機肥氮替代化肥處理(T4)籽粒產量與地上部氮積累量顯著高于習慣施肥處理(T1);有機肥氮替代化肥處理(T4)地表徑流水中總氮、銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮、有機態(tài)氮、總磷和無機磷濃度及流失量顯著低于習慣施肥處理(T1),各處理間總徑流量無顯著差異,因此稻田徑流中氮磷流失量的減少主要是通過降低徑流水中各形態(tài)氮磷元素的濃度實現(xiàn)。3)單季稻田間試驗結果表明,優(yōu)化測土配方施肥(包膜尿素T4)籽粒產量和地上部氮磷總積累量與習慣施肥無顯著差異,地表徑流水中總氮、銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮、有機態(tài)氮、總磷和無機磷濃度及流失量顯著低于習慣施肥處理(T1),各處理間總徑流水量差異不顯著。說明優(yōu)化測土配方施肥(包膜尿素T4)可以保證水稻的產量并減少稻田地表徑流中氮磷的流失量,主要通過降低稻田地表徑流水中各形態(tài)氮磷元素的濃度來實現(xiàn)。4)兩個單季稻田間試驗結果表明,水稻地表徑流水中總氮、銨態(tài)氮和硝態(tài)氮濃度分別與土壤總氮、銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮含量基本呈極顯著正相關(P0.01),水稻生長后期地表徑流水中總磷、無機磷濃度與土壤總磷、無機磷含量基本呈極顯著正相關(P0.01)。說明水稻地表徑流水中氮磷元素主要來自于土壤水溶性氮磷,并隨其含量的增加而增加,因此減少單次肥料的投入量或施用緩釋肥料可以有效減少土壤中的水溶性氮磷元素含量,從而減少其隨地表徑流流失的風險。6)板栗徑流小區(qū)試驗結果表明,配植水竹條處理(T3、T4和T5)總徑流水量和總泥沙量均顯著低于習慣施肥處理(T1)。T1、T3和T4處理的徑流水中總氮、銨態(tài)氮濃度及泥沙中全氮全磷含量差異不顯著。T4處理徑流水中總氮、銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮、有機態(tài)氮、總磷、無機磷流失量以及泥沙中氮磷流失量顯著低于習慣施肥處理T1,這主要是由于降低了徑流水量和泥沙量所導致。
[Abstract]:The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in rice fields is the main source of agricultural non-point source pollution. Economic forest industry has developed rapidly in China. But due to lack of management, excessive exploitation has caused serious problems of soil erosion and nutrient loss in China's economic forest. The problem of nutrient loss in rice fields and soil erosion in economic forests has seriously hindered the sustainable development and development of agriculture in China. Environmental friendly. Control of nutrient input and loss of surface runoff is an important means to reduce the load of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution. In this paper, the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on the growth of rice and nitrogen and phosphorus loss in rice field were studied by field experiments, and different land managers were studied through runoff plot test. The main results were as follows: 1) 1) the results of double season rice field test showed that high yield and high efficiency fertilization treatment CM (N) and nitrogen efficient fertilization treatment CM (-N) grain yield, the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in the upper part of the ground was not significantly different from that of the conventional fertilizer treatment FP. The high yield and high efficiency fertilizer treatment of late rice was CM (N) and nitrogen high. The apparent utilization rate of CM (-N) nitrogen was significantly higher than that of conventional fertilization treatment (FP.). The results showed that the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer could guarantee the grain yield of early and late rice and increase the apparent utilization rate of fertilizer nitrogen.2 in late rice and interannual. The results of single season rice field test showed that 25% organic fertilizer was on the basis of optimized soil formula fertilization with 30% nitrogen fertilizer and 40% phosphorus fertilizer. The yield of T4 and the accumulation of nitrogen in the upper ground were significantly higher than that of the conventional fertilization treatment (T1), and the total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, organic nitrogen, total phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus concentration and loss of total phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus were significantly lower than that of the conventional fertilizer treatment (T1), and there was no significant difference in total runoff between the treatments (T4). The decrease of nitrogen and phosphorus in the runoff of paddy field is mainly by reducing the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the runoff water. The results of single season rice field test show that there is no significant difference between the grain yield and the total nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation in the soil on the surface of the surface runoff and the total nitrogen and ammonium in the surface runoff. The results show that there is no significant difference between the total nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation in the upper ground and the nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface runoff. Nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, organic nitrogen, total phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus concentration and loss amount were significantly lower than that of conventional fertilization treatment (T1), and the total runoff difference between each treatment was not significant. It indicated that the optimized soil testing formula fertilizer (coated urea T4) could guarantee rice yield and reduce the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface runoff of rice field, mainly by reducing the surface runoff of rice field. The results of two single season rice field tests showed that total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen concentration in rice surface runoff were significantly positively correlated with soil total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content respectively (P0.01), and the total phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus concentration and total soil total in the surface runoff of rice in the late period of growth, respectively, in two single season rice field tests. The content of phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus has a very significant positive correlation (P0.01). It shows that the nitrogen and phosphorus elements in the surface runoff of rice mainly come from the water soluble nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, and increase with the increase of their content. Therefore, reducing the input of single fertilizer or applying the slow release fertilizer can effectively reduce the water soluble nitrogen and phosphorus content in soil soil, thus reducing the content of the water soluble nitrogen and phosphorus. The results of chestnut runoff plot test showed that the total runoff and total sediment of T3, T4 and T5 were significantly lower than that of conventional fertilization (T1).T1. The total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen concentration and total nitrogen total phosphorus content in sediment treated by T3 and T4 were not significantly different from the total nitrogen in.6 runoff. Ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, organic nitrogen, total phosphorus, the loss of inorganic phosphorus and the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the sediment were significantly lower than that of the conventional fertilizer treatment T1, which was mainly caused by reducing the amount of water and sediment.
【學位授予單位】：浙江大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S157;S714.7

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