本文選題：水土保持 + 生態(tài)效應��； 參考：《中國水利水電科學研究院》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：水土流失是制約人類發(fā)展和社會進步的重大問題,會對生態(tài)環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展造成嚴重威脅,是導致生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化和地區(qū)貧困的重要原因。水土流失的危害方式主要包括破壞土壤結構、降低土壤肥力、造成土地沙漠化及石漠化、引發(fā)自然災害等。近年來,由于全球氣候變化和人類自然活動的影響,西藏地區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性降低、水土流失問題不斷加劇。目前,由于西藏地區(qū)水土保持監(jiān)測站點和監(jiān)測資料的匱乏,導致有關該區(qū)域的水土保持生態(tài)效應研究極少。本文以水利部公益性行業(yè)科研專項"青藏高原區(qū)水土保持生態(tài)效應監(jiān)測與評價技術"為依托,以西藏地區(qū)日喀則市的日朗河小流域和拉薩市的茶巴朗小流域為研究區(qū)域,對其坡面尺度水土保持生態(tài)效應進行全面、科學的評價,構建適用于西藏地區(qū)坡面尺度的水土保持生態(tài)效應評價指標體系,開展水土保持生態(tài)效應的量化評價,為該地區(qū)的水土保持生態(tài)建設提供規(guī)劃依據(jù)和技術支撐。其主要研究內(nèi)容及結論如下:(1)首先,通過對研究區(qū)水土流失特點和水土保持現(xiàn)狀的分析,結合頻數(shù)統(tǒng)計分析法及專家經(jīng)驗法,初步遴選出14個生態(tài)效應評價指標。其次,采用主成分分析法,剔除綜合貢獻率較低的全磷及土壤有效厚度指標;根據(jù)相關性分析結果,剔除與土壤儲水量重復性較高的土壤含水率指標;結合指標變異系數(shù)和響應程度的計算值,剔除弱敏感性的土壤PH指標。最終,構建了包含土壤儲水量、土壤侵蝕模數(shù)、最大持水量、土壤容重、有機質(zhì)、全氮、全鉀、植被蓋度、生物多樣性及土壤固碳量等10個指標的評價體系。(2)針對生態(tài)效應評價的特點,采用層次分析法及熵權法計算各個指標的組合權重,其結果為:土壤儲水量0.109、土壤侵蝕模數(shù)0.251、最大持水量0.059、土壤容重0.021、有機質(zhì)0.105、全氮0.113、全鉀0.024、植被蓋度0.113、生物多樣性0.041、土壤固碳量0.164。(3)結合各個評價指標的權重和監(jiān)測資料,計算不同水土保持措施下生態(tài)效應的綜合評價值。結果表明,水土保持措施區(qū)生態(tài)效應優(yōu)于無措施區(qū),說明水土保持措施有助于水土流失治理;針對不同土地利用類型,林地、耕地及石坎梯田的生態(tài)效應均優(yōu)于無措施區(qū),其中,林地生態(tài)效應最好,耕地及石坎梯田由于人為擾動多、措施實施時間短等原因,均劣于林地;針對不同水土保持措施,除江孜縣卡爾村及曲水縣草方格措施外,水土保持措施區(qū)生態(tài)效應均優(yōu)于無措施區(qū),這與措施實施時間及研究區(qū)氣候、土壤條件有關。(4)采用單因素方差分析法對研究區(qū)各個單項指標進行對比分析發(fā)現(xiàn),總體而言,除江孜縣卡爾村外,隨著水土保持措施的實施,措施區(qū)各項指標較無措施區(qū)域均有所改善。卡爾村出現(xiàn)的異常情況與該區(qū)措施實施時間短、人口少、人為擾動少、土壤結皮較厚有關。另外,針對挪村土壤容重及曲水縣楊樹林土壤侵蝕模數(shù)出現(xiàn)異常的原因,還需對研究區(qū)進行長期動態(tài)監(jiān)測,進一步研究探討。
[Abstract]:Soil erosion is a major problem that restricts the development of human and social progress. It will cause serious threat to the sustainable development of the ecological environment. It is an important cause for the deterioration of the ecological environment and the poverty in the region. The damage ways of soil erosion mainly include destroying soil structure, reducing soil fertility, causing land desertification and rocky desertification, and causing nature. In recent years, due to the influence of global climate change and human natural activities, the stability of the ecosystem in Tibet has been reduced and the problem of soil erosion has been aggravated. At present, the lack of monitoring sites and monitoring data on Soil and water conservation in Tibet region has resulted in few studies on the ecological effects of soil and water conservation in this region. Based on the technology of monitoring and evaluating the ecological effects of soil and water conservation in the Qinghai Tibet plateau area, the public welfare industry research project is based on the technology of monitoring and evaluating the ecological effects of soil and water conservation in the Qinghai Tibet plateau area, taking the small catchment of Shigatse in Tibet and the small catchment of tea Barang in Lhasa as the research area. The ecological effects of soil and water conservation on the slope scale are fully and scientifically evaluated, and the construction of the slope is suitable for the slope of the Tibet area. The evaluation index system of soil and water conservation ecological effect of surface scale and the quantitative evaluation of ecological effect of soil and water conservation provide the planning basis and technical support for the ecological construction of soil and water conservation in this area. The main contents and conclusions are as follows: (1) first, through the analysis of the characteristics of water and soil loss and the current situation of soil and water conservation in the study area, the combination frequency 14 ecological effects evaluation indexes were selected by statistical analysis method and expert experience method. Secondly, the principal component analysis method was used to eliminate total phosphorus and soil effective thickness index with low comprehensive contribution rate, and the soil water content index, which was higher in soil water storage, was eliminated according to the correlation analysis results, and the index variation coefficient and the index variation coefficient were eliminated. In the end, the evaluation system of 10 indexes, including soil water storage, soil erosion modulus, maximum water retention, soil bulk density, organic matter, total nitrogen, total nitrogen, total potassium, vegetation coverage, biodiversity and soil carbon sequestration, was constructed. (2) according to the characteristics of ecological effect evaluation, the hierarchical classification was adopted. The method of analysis and entropy weight method is used to calculate the combination weight of each index. The results are as follows: soil water storage 0.109, soil erosion modulus 0.251, maximum water holding capacity 0.059, soil bulk weight 0.021, organic matter 0.105, total nitrogen 0.113, total potassium 0.024, vegetation coverage 0.113, biological diversity 0.041, soil carbon sequestration 0.164. (3) combined with the weight of each evaluation index and monitoring data The comprehensive evaluation of ecological effects under different soil and water conservation measures was calculated. The results showed that the ecological effect of soil and water conservation measures was better than that in the non measure zone, indicating that soil and water conservation measures were helpful for soil erosion control, and the ecological effects of soil conservation measures were better than those in the non measure areas, and the ecological effects of forest land, arable land and sill terrace were all better than those in the non measures area. The effect of soil and water conservation measures is better than that of woodland. In addition to the measures of soil and water conservation, the ecological effects of soil and water conservation measures are superior to those in the non measure areas, in addition to the measures of soil and water conservation in Carle village and Qu Shui county of Jiangzi County, the ecological effects of soil and water conservation measures are all better than those in the non measures areas. (4) the comparison and analysis of the individual indexes of the study area by the single factor ANOVA found that, in general, except the Carle village in Jiangzi County, with the implementation of the measures of soil and water conservation, the indexes of the measure areas were improved more than those in the non measures. The abnormal situation in the village of Carle and the time of the implementation of the measures in this area were short, the population was small, and the human beings were disturbed. In addition, the long-term dynamic monitoring of the soil erosion modulus of the poplar forest in the village of the village and the soil bulk weight of the village and the soil erosion modulus of the poplar forest in the county of Qu Shui county are also needed to be further studied and discussed.
【學位授予單位】：中國水利水電科學研究院
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S157

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