發(fā)布時間：2018-06-13 14:39

  本文選題：坡地 + 打結(jié)壟溝集雨種植��； 參考：《甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：干旱和水土流失是制約半干旱黃土高原丘陵區(qū)糧食安全生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的主要因素,坡耕地是該區(qū)域徑流和泥沙流失產(chǎn)生的主要策源地。為尋求半干旱區(qū)控制水土流失和提高降水資源利用率的最佳坡地壟溝集雨種植方式,在定西市安家溝流域基地布置(1)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)集雨壟的徑流試驗(yàn)和(2)打結(jié)壟溝集雨種植紫花苜蓿大田試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)(1)采用完全隨機(jī)設(shè)計(jì),以平地(坡度0°)集雨壟作為對照,研究不同坡度(0°、5°和10°)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)集雨壟的徑流效率和臨界產(chǎn)流降雨量;試驗(yàn)(2)采用完全隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì),以傳統(tǒng)耕作為對照,在坡度5°和10°研究打結(jié)方式(無打結(jié)壟和打結(jié)壟)對徑流貯存效率、系統(tǒng)效率、小區(qū)徑流效率、泥沙流失、土壤養(yǎng)分流失、土壤貯水量、紫花苜蓿干草產(chǎn)量、水分利用效率(WUE)和營養(yǎng)品質(zhì)的影響。主要結(jié)果如下:通過平均徑流法(同期徑流量與降水量的比值),坡度0°、5°和10°標(biāo)準(zhǔn)集雨壟的年平均徑流效率分別為70.6%、78.5%和88.4%;通過回歸分析法,坡度0°、5°和10°標(biāo)準(zhǔn)集雨壟的臨界產(chǎn)流降雨量分別為0.46、0.71和0.22 mm,徑流效率分別為83.5%、97.6%和96.4%。就紫花苜蓿全生育期平均值而言,坡度5°時,平作、無打結(jié)壟和打結(jié)壟的平均徑流貯存效率分別為87%、92%和94%,系統(tǒng)效率分別為0%、78%和80%;坡度10°時,平作、無打結(jié)壟和打結(jié)壟的平均徑流貯存效率分別為86%、91%和93%,系統(tǒng)效率分別為0%、83%和85%。坡度5°的平均徑流貯存效率(91%)與坡度10°(90%)相當(dāng),坡度5°的平均系統(tǒng)效率(53%)略小于坡度10°(56%)。通過平均徑流法,坡度5°時,平作、無打結(jié)壟和打結(jié)壟的小區(qū)徑流效率分別為11.6%、9.2%和6.7%;坡度10°時,平作、無打結(jié)壟和打結(jié)壟的小區(qū)徑流效率分別為14.1%、10.0%和7.8%。坡度10°的小區(qū)徑流效率是坡度5°的1.2倍。就紫花苜蓿全生育期平均值而言,坡度5°時,無打結(jié)壟和打結(jié)壟的泥沙流失量較平作分別降低80.8%和83.3%;坡度10°時,無打結(jié)壟和打結(jié)壟的泥沙流失量較平作分別降低74.5%和82.0%。坡度10°的泥沙流失量是坡度5°的1.2倍。就紫花苜蓿全生育期平均值而言,與平作相比,坡度5°時,無打結(jié)壟的氮、磷、鉀和有機(jī)質(zhì)流失量分別降低81.0%、80.9%、80.9%和78.2%,打結(jié)壟的氮、磷、鉀和有機(jī)質(zhì)流失量分別降低83.4%、83.3%、83.4%和81.1%;坡度10°時,無打結(jié)壟的氮、磷、鉀和有機(jī)質(zhì)流失量分別降低81.5%、74.8%、73.6%和61.5%,打結(jié)壟的氮、磷、鉀和有機(jī)質(zhì)流失量分別降低87.1%、82.0%、81.6%和72.4%。坡度10°的磷、鉀和有機(jī)質(zhì)流失量均是坡度5°的1.2倍,氮流失量是坡度5°的1.5倍。就紫花苜蓿全生育期平均值而言,與平作相比,坡度5°時,無打結(jié)壟和打結(jié)壟的土壤貯水量分別增加9.3和15.0 mm;坡度10°時,無打結(jié)壟和打結(jié)壟的土壤貯水量分別增加11.2和16.2 mm。坡度5°的平均土壤貯水量比坡度10°增加4.3 mm。與坡度10°相比,坡度5°上坡、中坡和下坡的土壤貯水量分別增加21.0、16.7和11.5 mm。土壤貯水量排列次序?yàn)樯掀轮衅孪缕?上溝邊溝中下溝邊,降雨后,尤其大暴雨后。就紫花苜蓿全生育期平均值而言,與平作相比,坡度5°時,無打結(jié)壟和打結(jié)壟的紫花苜蓿實(shí)際干草產(chǎn)量分別提高20.4%和8.9%,WUE分別提高4.78和4.58 kg hm~(~(-2)) mm~(~(-1)),經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分別降低12.5%和46.1%;坡度10°時,無打結(jié)壟和打結(jié)壟的紫花苜蓿實(shí)際干草產(chǎn)量分別提高22.4%和9.0%,WUE分別提高4.89和4.06 kg hm~(-2) mm~(-1),經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分別降低9.9%和51.6%。與坡度10°相比,坡度5°的紫花苜蓿干草產(chǎn)量和WUE增加不明顯。就紫花苜蓿全生育期平均值而言,與平作相比,坡度5°時,無打結(jié)壟的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、中性洗滌纖維、酸性洗滌纖維、鈣和磷含量分別提高23.0%、28.8%、33.4%、20.3%、11.0%和55.4%;打結(jié)壟的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、中性洗滌纖維、酸性洗滌纖維、鈣和磷含量分別提高15.2%、19.9%、28.4%、21.9%、5.5%和43.7%。坡度10°時,無打結(jié)壟的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、中性洗滌纖維、酸性洗滌纖維、鈣和磷含量分別提高30.6%、34.6%、36.6%、19.3%、12.9%和37.2%;打結(jié)壟的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、中性洗滌纖維、酸性洗滌纖維、鈣和磷含量分別提高23.0%、17.6%、24.2%、30.0%、10.2%和23.2%。與坡度10°相比,坡度5°的紫花苜蓿營養(yǎng)價值增加不明顯。在我國半干旱黃土高原丘陵區(qū)壟溝集雨種植系統(tǒng)中,無打結(jié)壟和打結(jié)壟集雨種植具有較好水土保持和增產(chǎn)效果,其中無打結(jié)壟增產(chǎn)效果最為明顯,打結(jié)壟水土保持效果最為明顯。
[Abstract]:Drought and soil erosion are the main factors restricting the production and economic development of grain in the hilly region of the semi-arid Loess Plateau. Sloping arable land is the main source of runoff and sediment loss in this region. In order to find the best way to control soil erosion and improve the utilization rate of precipitation resources in semi arid areas, the way of planting rain collecting in the Dingxi city is in the city. The base layout of the An Jia Gou watershed (1) the runoff test of the standard rainwater ridge and (2) the field test of the alfalfa with raining planting in the ridge and furrow. The experiment (1) adopted the complete random design, using the raining ridge as the contrast to study the runoff efficiency and the critical flow rate of the ridges with different slopes (0 degrees, 5 degrees and 10 degrees), and the experiment (2) was finished. The total random area group design, taking traditional tillage as a contrast, studied the effects of knot mode (no ridge ridge and knot ridge) on runoff storage efficiency, system efficiency, runoff efficiency, sediment loss, soil nutrient loss, soil water storage, alfalfa yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and nutritional quality in 5 and 10 degrees. The average annual runoff efficiency of the standard rainfall ridges at 0, 5 and 10 degrees is 70.6%, 78.5% and 88.4%, respectively, through the average runoff method (the ratio of the runoff and precipitation), and the critical runoff rainfall of the standard rainfall ridges of 0, 5 and 10 degrees is 0.46,0.71 and 0.22 mm respectively by the regression analysis. The runoff efficiency is 83.5%, 97.6%, respectively, 97.6%, respectively. In terms of the average full growth period of alfalfa and 96.4%., the average runoff storage efficiency was 87%, 92% and 94%, and the system efficiency was 0%, 78% and 80%, respectively, when the slope was 5 degrees, and the system efficiency was 0%, 78% and 80% respectively. The average runoff storage efficiency was 86%, 91% and 93% respectively, and the efficiency of the system was 0%, respectively, when the slope was 10 degrees. The average runoff storage efficiency (91%) for 83% and 5 degrees (91%) was equal to 10 (90%), and the average system efficiency (53%) of the slope 5 degrees was slightly smaller than the gradient of 10 (56%). Through average runoff method, the runoff efficiency was 11.6%, 9.2% and 6.7%, when the slope was 5 degrees, and the runoff efficiency was 11.6%, 9.2% and 6.7%. The runoff efficiency of the plot was 14.1%, 10% and 10 degrees on the 7.8%. slope were 1.2 times of the slope 5, respectively. As for the average full growth period of alfalfa, the sediment loss of no ridging ridge and knot ridge was 80.8% and 83.3% respectively when the slope was 5 degrees, and the sediment loss of no knot ridge and knot ridge was more flat when the slope was 10 degrees. The amount of sediment loss of 74.5% and 82.0%. 10 degrees was 1.2 times of the slope 5, respectively. Compared with the average growth period of alfalfa, the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter loss of no ridges were 81%, 80.9%, 80.9% and 78.2% respectively, and the loss of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter decreased by 83.4%, 83.3, respectively, when the slope was 5 degrees, compared with the average growth period of alfalfa. %, 83.4% and 81.1%, the loss of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter in no ridges at 10 degrees decreased by 81.5%, 74.8%, 73.6% and 61.5% respectively. The loss of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter in the ridges were reduced by 87.1%, 82%, 81.6% and 72.4%. gradient 10, respectively, and the loss of potassium and organic matter were all 1.2 times the gradient 5 degrees, and the loss of nitrogen was twice as much as the gradient of gradient. As far as the average growth period of alfalfa was concerned, the soil water storage of no knot ridge and knot ridge was increased by 9.3 and 15 mm, compared with flat soil, and the soil water storage capacity of no knot ridge and knot ridge was increased by 11.2 and 16.2 mm. slope 5 degrees, respectively, when the slope was 5 degrees, and the average soil water storage capacity of 11.2 and 16.2 mm. slope 5 degrees increased by 4.3 mm. and 10 degrees with slope degree. The soil water storage capacity of 5 degree slope, middle slope and downslope was increased by 21.0,16.7 and 11.5 mm., respectively. The order of the soil water storage capacity in the middle slope and the lower slope was the lower slope in the upper slope, the middle and lower furrows in the upper furrow gully, and after the rainfall, especially after the heavy rain. As for the average value of the whole growth period of alfalfa, there was no ridging and ridging of Alfalfa with Ping Zuoxiang, when the slope was 5 degrees. The actual hay yield increased by 20.4% and 8.9% respectively, and WUE increased by 4.78 and 4.58 kg hm~ (~ (-2)) mm~ (~ (-1)), and the economic benefits were reduced by 12.5% and 46.1%, respectively. The yield of alfalfa was increased by 22.4% and 9%, and WUE increased by 4.89 and 4.06 kg hm~ (-2) mm~ (-1) respectively when the slope was 10 degrees. The economic benefits were reduced respectively. 9.9% and 51.6%. compared with the slope of 10 degrees, the hay yield and WUE increase of Alfalfa with slope 5 degrees was not obvious. Compared with the average growth period of alfalfa, the crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid washing fiber, calcium and phosphorus content were increased by 23%, 28.8%, 33.4%, 20.3%, 11% and 55.4, compared with the average slope of alfalfa. %; coarse protein, fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid washing fiber, calcium and phosphorus content increased by 15.2%, 19.9%, 28.4%, 21.9%, 5.5% and 43.7%., respectively, when the rough protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid washing fiber, acid detergent fiber, calcium and phosphorus content increased 30.6%, 34.6%, 36.6%, 19.3%, 12.9% and 37.2%, and knot ridges. The content of crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid washing fiber, calcium and phosphorus increased by 23%, 17.6%, 24.2%, 30%, 10.2% and 23.2%., compared with the slope 10 degrees. The increase of Alfalfa nutrition value of the slope 5 degrees was not obvious. In the hilly area of the Hilly Loess Plateau of China, there was no ridge ridge and knot ridge rain species. Planting has better soil and water conservation and yield increasing effect, and the effect of no knot ridge increasing is the most obvious.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S157.433

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