本文選題：耐鹽植物 + 生物質(zhì)炭　； 參考：《中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：河套灌區(qū)是我國糧食主要產(chǎn)區(qū)之一,土壤鹽漬化比較嚴(yán)重,制約了當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)甚至社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。本地區(qū)耐鹽植物資源十分豐富,開發(fā)利用耐鹽植物資源,并用于改良鹽漬化土壤,顯然具有重要的理論和實(shí)踐意義。本研究首先利用固定床慢速熱裂解技術(shù),在300℃,500℃和700℃下炭化處理豬毛菜、柳枝稷和油葵秸稈,分析裂解產(chǎn)物生物油、生物氣和生物質(zhì)炭成分及其特性,并評估其潛在應(yīng)用價(jià)值;再通過田間試驗(yàn),研究不同用量生物質(zhì)炭(0,30,75和150t ha-1)對鹽漬化土壤肥力及玉米生長的影響,并探究其作用機(jī)理,獲得了以下主要研究結(jié)果:(1)以豬毛菜、柳枝稷和油葵秸稈為原料進(jìn)行熱裂解,不僅可以得到26-48%生物質(zhì)炭,還可得到26-33%生物油和26-47%生物氣。生物質(zhì)炭的特性主要受裂解溫度的影響,且與原材料密切相關(guān)。三種原料制備的生物質(zhì)炭的含碳量、pH、電導(dǎo)率、灰分、CEC、芳香度及堿性官能團(tuán)的含量隨裂解溫度升高而增加,而水溶性養(yǎng)分、脂肪度隨裂解溫度升高而降低。生物質(zhì)炭上述指標(biāo)均在500℃達(dá)到基本穩(wěn)定。但是,豬毛菜生物質(zhì)炭的pH、EC和灰分最高;油葵秸稈生物質(zhì)炭其次,柳枝稷生物質(zhì)炭最低。此外,豬毛菜生物質(zhì)炭的CEC和碘吸附值也顯著高于同溫度下其他原料制備的生物質(zhì)炭;而柳枝稷生物質(zhì)炭的含碳量最高,油葵秸稈生物質(zhì)炭次之,豬毛菜生物質(zhì)炭最低。(2)鹽漬化土壤施用不同量生物質(zhì)炭顯著改變了土壤微生物量碳氮磷的周轉(zhuǎn)特征:與對照(不施炭土壤)相比,施炭土壤SMBc的周轉(zhuǎn)期增加了 121.38-148.74%,且生物質(zhì)炭用量越大增加幅度越大;相反,施炭土壤SMBN和SMBP的周轉(zhuǎn)期分別降低了 9.16-31.17%和5.56-50.24%,且生物質(zhì)炭用量越大降低幅度越小。對照土壤SMBN周轉(zhuǎn)的供氮量為40.08%,而施炭土壤SMBN周轉(zhuǎn)的供氮量降低了 5.06-20.83%;對照和低量生物質(zhì)炭土壤SMBP周轉(zhuǎn)量超過了玉米的吸磷量,而高量生物質(zhì)炭(30t ha-1)土壤SMBP周轉(zhuǎn)量僅為玉米吸磷量的50.78-73.04%。(3)鹽漬化土壤施用不同量生物質(zhì)炭顯著影響了玉米生長旺盛期反硝化細(xì)菌的基因豐度和群落結(jié)構(gòu):高量生物質(zhì)炭(30tha-1)提高了土壤nirK,nirS和nosZ型反硝化細(xì)菌的基因拷貝數(shù),與對照相比分別提高了 57.47-69.07%,114.11-137.61%和 96.79-106.41%。鹽漬化土壤nirK,nirS和nosZ型反硝化細(xì)菌主要門是Proteobacteria(變形菌門),施用生物質(zhì)炭改變了nirK,nirS和nosZ型反硝化細(xì)菌屬的組成及其相對豐度。然而,α多樣性分析表明,生物質(zhì)炭的施用僅提高了nirK型反硝化細(xì)菌的群落多樣性,但對其他反硝化細(xì)菌群落多樣性無顯著影響。土壤pH、EC和SOC是影響nirK和nosZ型反硝化細(xì)菌群落的關(guān)鍵環(huán)境因子。(4)鹽漬化土壤施用不同量生物質(zhì)炭對土壤物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)產(chǎn)生顯著的影響,對玉米生長及其NPK的吸收也產(chǎn)生顯著的影響:高量生物質(zhì)炭顯著降低了土壤容重,與對照相比降低了2.68-22.82%,降低幅度與生物質(zhì)炭的用量呈正比,而與生物質(zhì)炭的施用年限呈反比;類似地,生物質(zhì)炭的施用也提高了土壤大孔隙的數(shù)量和水穩(wěn)性大團(tuán)聚體的含量(250 μm)。高量生物質(zhì)炭降低了土壤的鈉飽和度,與對照相比降低了 32.8247.48%,降低幅度與生物質(zhì)炭的用量和施用年限均呈正相關(guān);生物質(zhì)炭的施用提高了土壤有機(jī)碳、全氮、堿解氮、有效磷和速效鉀的含量,與對照相比分別提高了 112.34-856.92%,9.09-197.87%,-8.74-48.96%,63.49-537.93%和 14.48-894.44%,提高幅度與生物質(zhì)炭用量正相關(guān)。土壤CEC也隨生物質(zhì)炭用量的提高和施用年限的延長而增加。相應(yīng)地,生物質(zhì)炭的施用也提高了玉米的地上部生物量及其地上部單位面積氮磷鉀的吸收量,且其增加幅度與生物質(zhì)炭的用量顯著正相關(guān)(P0.05)。
[Abstract]:The Hetao irrigation area is one of the main grain producing areas in China. The soil salinization is serious, which restricts the local agricultural production and even the social and economic development. The salt tolerant plant resources in the local area are very rich. It is obvious that the salt tolerant plant resources are developed and used to improve the salinized soil, and it is obviously of great importance to the theory and practice. The bed slow thermal cracking technique was used to carbonization of Chinese cabbage, switchgrass and oil sunflower straw at 300, 500 and 700 C. The composition and properties of bio oil, biogenic gas and biomass carbon were analyzed and its potential application value was evaluated. In the field experiment, the soil fertility of salinized soil with different biomass carbon (0,30,75 and 150t HA-1) was studied. The effects of maize growth and its mechanism were investigated and the main results were obtained as follows: (1) 26-48% biomass carbon, 26-33% bio oil and 26-47% biogas can be obtained from the thermal cracking of Chinese cabbage, switchgrass and oil sunflower straw. The characteristics of Biocharcoal are mainly affected by the pyrolysis temperature, and the raw materials are related to the raw materials. The carbon content of biomass carbon, pH, electrical conductivity, ash, CEC, aromaticity and basic functional group increased with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, while the water soluble nutrient and the degree of fatty acid decreased with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. The above indexes of biomass carbon were basically stable at 500 degrees C, but the pH, E of biomass charcoal of the biomass charcoal was pH, E C and ash were the highest, followed by biomass charcoal of oil sunflower straw, and biomass charcoal of switchgrass was the lowest. In addition, the CEC and iodine adsorption value of the biomass charcoal of Chinese cabbage were significantly higher than those of other raw materials at the same temperature; and the carbon content of switchgrass biomass carbon was the highest, the carbon of the oil sunflower straw was the lowest. (2) the salinization was the lowest. Compared with the control (no carbon application soil), the turnover period of SMBc was increased by 121.38-148.74% compared with the control (no carbon application soil), and the greater the increase in biomass carbon consumption, the turnover period of SMBN and SMBP in charcoal soil decreased by 9.16-31.17% and 5, respectively. .56-50.24%, and the greater the amount of biomass carbon, the smaller the decrease. The nitrogen supply of the control soil SMBN turnover was 40.08%, while the nitrogen supply of SMBN turnover in the charcoal soil decreased by 5.06-20.83%; the SMBP turnover of the control and low biomass carbon soil was higher than that of the maize, while the SMBP turnover of the high biomass carbon (30t HA-1) soil SMBP was only corn sucking. The use of different biomass carbon in 50.78-73.04%. (3) salinized soil significantly affected the gene abundance and community structure of denitrifying bacteria during the peak period of maize growth. High biomass carbon (30tha-1) increased the gene copy number of nirK, nirS and nosZ denitrifying bacteria in soil, and increased 57.47-69.07%, 114.11-137., respectively, compared with the control. 61% and 96.79-106.41%. salinized soil nirK, nirS and nosZ type denitrifying bacteria were the main gates of Proteobacteria (Proteus). The application of biomass carbon changed the composition and relative abundance of nirK, nirS and nosZ type denitrifying bacteria. However, the analysis of alpha diversity showed that the application of Biocharcoal only increased the community of the nirK type denitrifying bacteria. Diversity, but no significant influence on the diversity of other denitrifying bacteria community. Soil pH, EC and SOC are the key environmental factors affecting the nirK and nosZ denitrifying bacteria community. (4) the application of different biomass charcoal in salinized soil has a significant effect on the physical and chemical properties of soil, and also has a significant shadow on the growth of maize and the absorption of NPK. Noise: high biomass carbon significantly reduced soil bulk density, and decreased the ratio of 2.68-22.82% to photographic ratio, the decrease was proportional to the amount of biomass carbon, and was inversely proportional to the application years of biomass carbon; similarly, the application of biomass carbon also increased the amount of macropores in the soil and the content of large aggregates of water stability (250 mu m). The quality of carbon decreased the sodium saturation of the soil, which was reduced by 32.8247.48%, and the decrease was positively correlated with the amount of biomass carbon and the years of application. The application of biomass carbon increased the content of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium, and increased 112.34-856.92%, 9.09-197.87%, and -8.74, respectively. The increase of -48.96%, 63.49-537.93% and 14.48-894.44% was positively correlated with biomass carbon consumption. Soil CEC also increased with the increase of biomass carbon consumption and the prolongation of application years. Accordingly, the application of biomass carbon also increased the biomass of maize and the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the upper part of the ground, and the increase of the biomass. The amount of biomass carbon was significantly positive correlation (P0.05).
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S156.4

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