本文選題：有機(jī)物料 + 微生物生物量�。� 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：由于磷肥資源的有限性,提高磷素的再循環(huán)利用變得越來越重要。有機(jī)物料含有豐富的磷,可緩解磷資源缺乏的問題。但長期大量或不合理施用有機(jī)物料易導(dǎo)致土壤磷素的積累,提高農(nóng)田徑流中的磷濃度,增加水體富營養(yǎng)化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但有機(jī)物料種類眾多,來源不一,磷的賦存形態(tài)差異很大。因此弄清楚有機(jī)肥料中磷的組分在土壤中的轉(zhuǎn)化,對(duì)于提高有機(jī)物料中磷的利用率、降低磷素環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有十分重要的意義。本研究分析了7種有機(jī)物料賦存的磷形態(tài),在此基礎(chǔ)上選取了4種有機(jī)物料進(jìn)行室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)和玉米盆栽試驗(yàn),研究了不同紫色土中4種有機(jī)物料對(duì)土壤微生物量、磷礦化及作物有效性的影響,以期為合理選擇和施用有機(jī)物料提供理論依據(jù)。(1)有機(jī)物料磷形態(tài)特征研究表明：不同有機(jī)物料中全磷及各形態(tài)總磷存在顯著差異,以豬糞沼渣最高,牛糞沼渣最低。豬糞沼渣、牛糞沼渣、牛糞秸稈堆肥、污泥堆肥中各形態(tài)總磷(Pt)大小順序?yàn)镠Cl-P殘留態(tài)-PNaHCO3-PNaOH-PH2O-P,而3種農(nóng)村生活污泥堆肥中各形態(tài)磷含量則為HCl-P殘留態(tài)-PH2O-PNaHCO3-PNaOH-P。有機(jī)物料中的磷以無機(jī)態(tài)磷為主,且大部分磷更容易被HC1浸提劑提取,而這部分磷不易被植物吸收利用。經(jīng)堆腐后的牛糞秸稈堆肥各形態(tài)無機(jī)磷占全磷比例較牛糞沼渣均有所增加,表明好氧堆肥有助于有機(jī)物料中磷的礦化,提高有機(jī)物料中磷的有效性。(2)室內(nèi)土壤培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)表明：施加有機(jī)物料可以顯著增加土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷,以牛糞沼渣最為突出。施加有機(jī)物料可以增加土壤磷的礦化量,顯著提高土壤中有效磷的含量,經(jīng)好氧堆腐的牛糞秸稈堆肥和污泥堆肥大于兩種沼肥。施肥處理土壤有機(jī)磷含量相比對(duì)照增加,但隨時(shí)間的延長總體呈降低趨勢,表明施加有機(jī)物料的土壤中的磷伴隨礦化和固定的同時(shí),主要是向著礦化的方向進(jìn)行。(3)搞栽試驗(yàn)表明：施肥使土壤pH值下降,施加化肥土壤pH值降幅明顯低于其它有機(jī)物料,有機(jī)物料使3種土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量顯著增加,以牛糞沼渣處理的增幅最大,豬糞沼渣最小,有機(jī)物料對(duì)土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的提升效果表現(xiàn)為：酸性紫色土石灰性紫色土中性紫色土。施肥處理土壤有效磷也顯著增加,表明有機(jī)物料促進(jìn)了土壤磷的有效性,好氧堆肥的有機(jī)物料比厭氧處理的沼肥對(duì)有效磷含量的增加更顯著。結(jié)果表現(xiàn)為：化肥污泥堆肥牛糞秸稈堆肥豬糞沼渣牛糞沼渣。各施肥處理間的磷肥利用率呈顯著性差異。牛糞秸稈堆肥和污泥堆肥的磷肥利用率明顯優(yōu)于沼肥。
[Abstract]:Due to the limitation of phosphorus fertilizer resources, it is more and more important to improve the recycling of phosphorus. Organic materials are rich in phosphorus, which can alleviate the problem of phosphorus shortage. However, a large amount or unreasonable application of organic materials for a long time can lead to the accumulation of phosphorus in soil, increase the concentration of phosphorus in runoff and increase the risk of eutrophication. However, there are many kinds of organic materials and different sources, and the occurrence forms of phosphorus are very different. Therefore, it is very important to find out the transformation of phosphorus in organic fertilizer in soil, which is very important to improve the utilization rate of phosphorus in organic fertilizer and reduce the environmental risk of phosphorus. The phosphorus forms of seven organic materials were analyzed in this paper. On the basis of this, four organic materials were selected for indoor culture and corn pot experiment, and the microbial biomass of four organic materials in different purple soil was studied. Phosphorus mineralization and crop availability, in order to provide theoretical basis for rational selection and application of organic materials, the study on phosphorus speciation characteristics of organic materials shows that there are significant differences in total phosphorus and total phosphorus forms in different organic materials. The pig dung biogas residue was the highest, and the cow dung biogas residue was the lowest. The order of total phosphorus in pig manure, cow manure compost and sludge compost was HCl-P residual state -PNaHCO3-PNaOH-PH2O-P, while the content of phosphorus in the three kinds of rural sludge composting was HCl-P residue -PH2O-PNaHCO3-PNaOH-PNaOH-P. Inorganic phosphorus is the main phosphorus in organic materials, and most of phosphorus is more easily extracted by HC1 extractant, but this part of phosphorus is not easy to be absorbed and utilized by plants. The proportion of inorganic phosphorus in the compost of cow dung straw compost was higher than that in cow dung biogas residue, which indicated that aerobic compost was helpful to the mineralization of phosphorus in organic matter. The indoor soil culture experiment showed that the application of organic materials could significantly increase soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, especially cow dung biogas residue. The addition of organic materials can increase the amount of phosphorus mineralization in soil and increase the content of available phosphorus in soil significantly. The aerobic composting of cow dung straw and sludge compost is larger than that of two kinds of biogas fertilizer. Compared with the control, the soil organic phosphorus content increased with fertilization, but decreased with time, indicating that the phosphorus in the soil with organic materials was mineralized and fixed at the same time. The soil pH value was decreased by fertilization, the decrease of soil pH value by applying chemical fertilizer was lower than that of other organic materials, and the organic matter content of three kinds of soil was increased significantly by organic material. The increase of cattle manure biogas residue was the biggest, and the pig dung biogas residue was the least. The effect of organic material on soil organic matter was as follows: acid purple soil, calcareous purple soil, neutral purple soil. The soil available phosphorus increased significantly after fertilization, which indicated that organic materials promoted the availability of soil phosphorus, and the content of available phosphorus in aerobic compost was more significant than that in anaerobic biogas fertilizer. The results were as follows: fertilizer sludge compost cow manure straw compost pig manure biogas cow manure biogas. There were significant differences in P fertilizer use efficiency among different fertilization treatments. The utilization ratio of phosphorus fertilizer in cow manure straw compost and sludge compost was obviously better than that in biogas fertilizer.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S155.25

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