本文選題：彈尾綱 + 長角（蟲兆）科�。� 參考：《南京大學》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：彈尾綱(Collembola)物種俗稱跳蟲,簡稱（蟲兆）,廣泛分布于全世界的各種陸生環(huán)境,是三大土壤動物(線蟲、螨蟲、跳蟲)之一�，F(xiàn)生跳蟲大約8000余種,分為4目、29科。之前的研究大多集中在形態(tài)學方面,對支序以及系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分析很少涉獵。本文對彈尾綱的研究歷史、重要的形態(tài)學特征(如毛序、鱗片等)以及系統(tǒng)發(fā)生和系統(tǒng)發(fā)育進行了綜述。此外,本文也對彈尾綱物種線粒體的功能和其基因組的特征、基因序列作了簡要的闡述。同時,本文也通過分子生物學手段對彈尾綱、長角姚總科及長角（蟲兆）科進行了系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分析。本文著重描述了兩種彈尾綱物種線粒體基因組,包括取樣、測序以及拼接、注釋和分析的詳細過程。因此,彈尾綱內(nèi)的線粒體全基因序列也由原來的7科10條增加至9科12條。此外,本文還對線粒體基因組13個蛋白質(zhì)編碼基因的堿基和氨基酸序列利用MrBayes進行了系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分析,分析結(jié)果大致與傳統(tǒng)形態(tài)學分類一致,但在某些具體的節(jié)點則有一些分歧,諸如節(jié)腹類(Arthropleona)和長角（蟲兆）目(Entomobryomorpha)都并非單系；原姚目(Poduromorpha)內(nèi)部[棘（蟲兆）科+(水（蟲兆）科(球角（蟲兆）科+疣（蟲兆）科))]的結(jié)果也與以往分類學者所認為的[棘姚科+(球角姚科+(水（蟲兆）科+疣（蟲兆）科))]相互矛盾。至于這幾個類群之間的準確關(guān)系,仍有待對球角（蟲兆）科以及疣（蟲兆）科樣本作進一步分析后進行深入探討。本文還通過分子生物學手段,重點分析了彈尾綱最大的科,長角（蟲兆）科的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育關(guān)系。在分析該科系統(tǒng)發(fā)育關(guān)系時,所選的基因標記片段為核基因18S rRNA和部分28S rRNA以及線粒體基因16S rRNA.通過最大簡約法(MP)、最大似然法(ML)和貝葉斯法(BI)等手段,對上述基因標記片段進行分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),部分類群的單系性與形態(tài)學分類一致,但是有些分支,尤其是傳統(tǒng)分類學以鱗片為標準分出的節(jié)點(如短腹（蟲兆）科以及長角（蟲兆）科內(nèi)部,長角（蟲兆）族和柳（蟲兆）族)沒有得到很好的重建,這一結(jié)果提示,傳統(tǒng)分類學以是否具有鱗片的分類標準并不確切。另外,這部分分析也對鱗片的祖先特征狀態(tài)進行了重建,得到了一些與鱗片演化過程有關(guān)的結(jié)論,長角（蟲兆）科祖先特征重建分析提示,體表鱗片這一特征已經(jīng)獨立演化了五次,其中鱗片的獨立缺失至少有兩次。由此,以形態(tài)特征、尤其是基于鱗片特征為標準,確定的長角（蟲兆）科發(fā)育關(guān)系亟需修訂。最后,本文對長角姚總科進行了較為全面的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分析,所選基因標記片段為核基因18S rRNA和部分28S rRNA以及線粒體基因16S rRNA和COI。這部分分析所用的方法包括最大似然法和貝葉斯法。所得系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹與傳統(tǒng)形態(tài)學分類以彈器特征作為標準,所劃定的發(fā)育關(guān)系相差較大,發(fā)育樹拓撲結(jié)構(gòu)分析結(jié)果也與傳統(tǒng)分類觀點不一致。此外,彈器的祖先特征狀況和系統(tǒng)發(fā)育學信號,加之其他一些潛在的有用特征,比如體表鱗片以及感覺毛等的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育學信號也通過系統(tǒng)發(fā)育學重建在這里得到了檢驗。檢驗結(jié)果顯示,彈器(包括叉狀齒節(jié)和末端端節(jié))及體表鱗片的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育學信號相對較低,而背部感覺毛卻顯示出極強的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育學信號。
[Abstract]:The Collembola species, commonly known as the dipole (Chong Zhao), is widely distributed throughout the world, and is one of the three major soil animals (nematodes, mites, and hops). There are about 8000 species of the present dive species, which are divided into 4 orders and 29 families. Most of the previous studies were concentrated in the morphological aspects and rarely involved in the sequence and phylogenetic analysis. The research history, the important morphological features (such as hair order, scales, etc.) as well as the phylogenetic and phylogeny of the phylogeny are reviewed. In addition, the function of the mitochondria and the characteristics of its genome and the sequence of the gene are briefly described in this paper. At the same time, this article has also used the molecular biological means to make the tail class, the long horned Yao Zong. The phylogenetic analysis of the family and the long horn (Chong Zhao) family has been carried out. This paper focuses on the description of the mitochondrial genome of two species of the caudal species, including sampling, sequencing, splicing, annotation and analysis. Therefore, the mitochondrial whole gene sequence in the cauda is also increased from 10 in the original 7 families to 12 in 9 families. In addition, the mitochondrial gene is also used in this paper. The base and amino acid sequences of the 13 protein coding genes were analyzed by MrBayes, and the results were roughly consistent with the traditional morphological classification, but there were some differences in certain specific nodes, such as Arthropleona and Entomobryomorpha (Entomobryomorpha), and the original Arthropleona (Poduromorpha). ) the results of the internal [Chong Zhao] Department + (Chong Zhao) family (Chong Zhao) family (Chong Zhao) + wart (verruca))] are also contradictory to the previous classifications considered by the [iyao yyao + (yyao) + (water (water (insect) family + wart (Chong Zhao) family)]. As for the exact relationship between these groups, the ball angle (Chong Zhao) family and the wart (Chong Zhao) family are still needed to be used as a sample. In this paper, the phylogenetic relationship of the largest family of the long horns (Chong Zhao) family was analyzed by molecular biology methods. In the analysis of the phylogenetic relationship of the family, the selected gene markers were selected as nuclear gene 18S rRNA and partial 28S rRNA and mitochondrial gene 16S rRNA. through the maximum simplified method (MP By means of maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian method (BI), the analysis of the above gene markers showed that the monophyleties of some groups were in accordance with the morphological classification, but some branches, especially the traditional taxonomic nodes (such as the short abdomen (Chong Zhao) family and the long horn (Chong Zhao) family, the long horns (Chong Zhao) and the willow (Chong Zhao) and willow (Chong Zhao). The results suggest that the traditional taxonomy is not accurate for the classification of scales. In addition, this part of the analysis also reconstructs the ancestral state of the scales, and gets some conclusions related to the evolution of the scales, the analysis of the ancestral characteristics of the long horns (Chong Zhao) family, the body surface This feature has evolved five times independently, and the independent deletion of scales is at least two times. Thus, the development relationship of the long horns (Chong Zhao) family is urgently needed to be revised in terms of morphological characteristics, especially the scales based on scales. Finally, this paper has carried out a more comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the long horn yyao family, the selected gene marker fragment. The methods used for the analysis of nuclear gene 18S rRNA, partial 28S rRNA, and mitochondrial gene 16S rRNA and COI. include the maximum likelihood and Bayesian method. The phylogenetic tree and the traditional morphological classification are based on the characteristics of the projectile, and the differences in the development relationship between the phylogenetic tree and the development tree are also different from those of the traditional ones. In addition, the ancestral characteristics and phylogenetic signals of the projectile, as well as some other potential useful features, such as the body surface scales and sensory hair, have also been tested here by phylogenetic reconstruction. The results show that the projectile (including the forked and terminal segments) and the body are shown. Phylogenetic signals of scales were relatively low, while dorsal sensory hair showed strong phylogenetic signals.
【學位授予單位】：南京大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S154.3

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本文編號：1934262