本文選題：落葉松人工林 + 天然楊樺次生林��； 參考：《河北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：華北落葉松是冀北山區(qū)的主要造林樹(shù)種,華北落葉松人工林在木材生產(chǎn)、防風(fēng)固沙、涵養(yǎng)水源、保持水土等方面發(fā)揮著重要的作用。冀北山地土壤理化性質(zhì)的變化將會(huì)直接影響到該地區(qū)人工林的經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況及木材產(chǎn)量。近年來(lái),一些學(xué)者通過(guò)定位觀測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),一些地區(qū)部分樹(shù)種的人工林存在明顯的土壤酸化和地力下降的趨勢(shì)。森林對(duì)土壤的影響與當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夂蚣暗匦蔚壬鷳B(tài)因素密切相關(guān)。冀北山地華北落葉松林的土壤性質(zhì)是否也存在明顯的酸化及肥力下降的問(wèn)題目前尚缺乏系統(tǒng)的研究。本研究以塞罕壩林區(qū)不同林齡階段的天然楊樺次生林(10年、20年、30年、40年)及華北落葉松人工林(10年、20年、30年、40年、二代10年)作為研究對(duì)象,分析并比較兩種不同林分類型、不同林分年齡之間土壤p H值、陽(yáng)離子交換量、鹽基飽和度、土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量及土壤中主要養(yǎng)分元素的含量的區(qū)別及演變規(guī)律。森林植物凋落物的分解過(guò)程與林地土壤養(yǎng)分關(guān)系密切,本研究比較了華北落葉松及其主要伴生植物凋落物的分解對(duì)土壤p H值、有機(jī)質(zhì)及各種養(yǎng)分含量的影響。主要得到如下結(jié)論:(1)林地土壤p H值低于無(wú)林地;林地土壤陽(yáng)離子交換量、交換性鹽基總量、鹽基飽和度、土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量、堿解氮含量、速效磷含量、全氮含量及全鉀含量均高于無(wú)林地;林地土壤全磷含量略高于荒地,但相差不大;林地土壤速效鉀含量與荒地相差不大。(2)兩種林分相比,土壤速效磷含量、全氮含量及全鉀含量表現(xiàn)為楊樺天然次生林高于落葉松人工林;土壤全磷含量落葉松人工林略高于天然楊樺次生林,但差別不大;土壤堿解氮含量10年生及20年生楊樺次生林高于相同林齡的落葉松人工林,30年生及40年生兩種林分差別不大;土壤速效鉀含量10年生楊樺林明顯高于10年生落葉松林,20、30、40年生兩種林分差異不大;其余各指標(biāo)兩種林分差別不大。(3)塞罕壩林區(qū)主要為弱酸性土壤,土壤p H值介于6.00~6.58之間;林地土壤p H值低于無(wú)林地,華北落葉松人工林土壤p H值略高于天然楊樺次生林;華北落葉松人工林林地土壤p H值隨著林齡的增加總體呈下降的趨勢(shì);土壤p H值隨土層深度的加深而上升;土壤陽(yáng)離子交換量隨土層深度的增加而降低,而與年齡沒(méi)有明顯的相關(guān)關(guān)系;土壤鹽基飽和度與林齡與土層深度都沒(méi)有明顯的相關(guān)關(guān)系。該地區(qū)土壤鹽基飽和度較高,酸化緩沖能力較強(qiáng),但土壤p H值依然有所下降,該地區(qū)華北落葉松人工林存在土壤酸化的現(xiàn)象,在森林經(jīng)營(yíng)管理過(guò)程中應(yīng)采取相應(yīng)的措施加以控制,避免土壤繼續(xù)酸化。(4)隨著林齡的增加,華北落葉松人工林0~50cm土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量先上升后下降,天然楊樺次生林無(wú)明顯變化趨勢(shì);落葉松人工林土壤堿解氮、速效磷含量均大致呈遞增趨勢(shì),速效鉀含量呈下降趨勢(shì);楊樺天然次生林幾種林齡土壤速效氮含量基本持平,速效磷含量沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出明顯變化規(guī)律;土壤速效鉀含量隨林齡的增長(zhǎng)表現(xiàn)出明顯的下降趨勢(shì);隨著林齡的增長(zhǎng),落葉松人工林土壤全氮含量大致呈增加的趨勢(shì),全磷含量無(wú)明顯變化趨勢(shì),全鉀含量呈下降趨勢(shì);天然楊樺次生林隨林齡的增長(zhǎng)土壤全氮、全磷含量無(wú)明顯變化,全鉀含量下降。(5)大體上來(lái)看,塞罕壩地區(qū)土壤主要處于中等肥力水平。然而,根據(jù)全國(guó)及華北地區(qū)土壤質(zhì)量衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),該地區(qū)土壤中氮、磷兩種元素的含量較為匱乏,在森林的經(jīng)營(yíng)過(guò)程中應(yīng)引起注意。(6)落葉松二代林土壤化學(xué)性質(zhì)各指標(biāo)除速效磷外,其余均明顯低于一代林。具體表現(xiàn)為,落葉松二代10年生人工林0~50cm土壤p H值較一代10年生林下降0.23個(gè)單位,陽(yáng)離子交換量下降44.43%,鹽基飽和度下降9.59%,土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量下降24.01%,土壤堿解氮含量下降20.27%,土壤速效磷含量上升8.09%,土壤速效鉀含量下降28.88%,土壤全氮含量下降28.57%,全磷含量下降9.09%,速效鉀含量下降16.76%。二代林土壤目前處于中等肥力水平,但相比一代林,下降趨勢(shì)明顯,因而在森林的經(jīng)營(yíng)管理過(guò)程中,應(yīng)采取科學(xué)合理的措施,抑制土壤肥力的繼續(xù)衰退。(7)草本、灌木植物凋落物分解對(duì)土壤化學(xué)性質(zhì)有較大影響,針葉凋落物分解對(duì)土壤化學(xué)性質(zhì)影響較小。另外,降水的淋溶作用對(duì)凋落物中養(yǎng)分的釋放影響很小。
[Abstract]:North China Larix Larix is the main afforestation tree in the northern Hebei Province. The North China larch plantation plays an important role in wood production, wind protection and sand fixation, water conservation and conservation of water and soil. The change of soil physical and chemical properties in northern Hebei will directly affect the management and timber production of artificial forests in this area. In recent years, some scholars have done the same. It is found that there is an obvious trend of soil acidification and soil fertility decline in some tree species in some regions. The influence of forest on soil is closely related to the local climate and topography. In this study, the natural poplar secondary forest (10 years, 20 years, 30 years, 40 years) and North China larch plantation (10 years, 20 years, 30 years, 40 years, two generation 10 years) were used in this study to analyze and compare the P H value, cation exchange amount and salt of the soil between the two different forest types and the different stand age. The difference and evolution law of basic saturation, soil organic matter content and the content of main nutrient elements in soil. The decomposition process of forest litter is closely related to the soil nutrient of woodland. This study compared the influence of the decomposition of Larch and its main associated plant litter on P H value, organic matter and the content of various nutrients in the soil. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the value of P H in woodland soil is lower than that of no forestland; the amount of soil cation exchange, the total amount of exchangeable salt, the saturation of salt base, the content of soil organic matter, the content of alkaline nitrogen, the content of available phosphorus, the total nitrogen content and total potassium content are higher than that of the non forestland; the total phosphorus content in the woodland is slightly higher than that in the wasteland, but the difference is not significant; the forest soil soil is small. There was little difference between the content of available K and the wasteland. (2) the content of available P, total N and total K in the two species were higher than that of larch plantation; the total P content of Larix Larix was slightly higher than that of the natural birch secondary forest, but the difference was not great; the soil alkaline nitrogen content was 10 and 20 Yang Hua secondary. Forest height is higher than the same forest age of Larix Larix artificial forest, 30 years and 40 years of two kinds of forest difference is not significant; the soil available potassium content of 10 year Yang Hualin is significantly higher than the 10 year old larch forest, 20,30,40 year two stand difference is not significant; the rest of the index two kinds of stand difference is not small. (3) the sluhan dam forest area is mainly weak acid soil, soil P H value is 6. Between.00~6.58, the value of P H in woodland soil was lower than that of no woodland, and the value of P H in the soil of North China larch plantation was slightly higher than that of natural birch secondary forest; the P H value of soil soil in North China Larix plantations decreased with the increase of forest age, and the H value of soil P increased with the depth of soil layer, and the soil cation exchange amount increased with the depth of soil layer. There is no obvious correlation between age and age. There is no obvious correlation between soil salt base saturation and soil depth. The soil salt base saturation is high, and the acidification buffer ability is strong, but the P H value of soil is still declining. The soil acidification of the North China larch plantation is the phenomenon of soil acidification and the forest management in this area. In the process of management, the corresponding measures should be taken to avoid the continuous acidification of soil. (4) with the increase of forest age, the content of soil organic matter in the 0~50cm soil of the North China larch plantation increased first and then decreased, and there was no obvious change trend in the natural poplar secondary forest. The content of soil available nitrogen in the natural secondary forest of poplar and birch was basically flat, and the content of available P did not show obvious change. The content of soil available potassium showed a obvious decreasing trend with the growth of forest age. With the growth of forest age, the total nitrogen content in soil of Larix Larix artificial forests increased roughly, and total phosphorus was increased. The content of total potassium showed a decline trend, the content of total potassium in natural poplar secondary forest increased with the growth of soil total N, total P content had no obvious change, total potassium content decreased. (5) in general, the soil in the sahhan dam area was mainly in the middle fertility level. The content of two elements of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil is scarce and should be paid attention to in the process of forest management. (6) the chemical properties of the soil of the two generation of Larch two generation forest are obviously lower than that of the one generation forest. The specific performance is that the P H value of the two generation plantation of Larch 10 year old plantation is 0.23 units lower than that of the one generation 10 year forest. The sub exchange rate decreased 44.43%, the salt base saturation decreased by 9.59%, the soil organic matter content decreased by 24.01%, the soil alkali hydrolysable nitrogen content decreased 20.27%, the soil available phosphorus content increased 8.09%, the soil quick available potassium content decreased 28.88%, the soil total nitrogen content dropped 28.57%, the total phosphorus content decreased 9.09%, the available potassium content decreased by 16.76%. two generation soil at present in the soil at present in the soil of the generation forest soil at present in the soil at present in the soil at 16.76%. two generation soil at two generation soil now in the soil soil soil soil at present. In the course of forest management, scientific and reasonable measures should be taken to restrain the continued decline of soil fertility. (7) the litter decomposition of shrubs has a great influence on the chemical properties of soil, and the decomposition of coniferous litter has little influence on the chemical properties of soil. The leaching of precipitation has little effect on the release of nutrients in litters.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S714

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本文編號(hào)：1909737